Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A series of clinics were conducted in Delhi, India, in January, 1990. Of 54 patients with beta thalassemia major (mean age 7.6 years), 11.1% (6 out of 54) tested positive for antibodies to hepatitis C virus (anti HCV antibodies) and 66.6% (36 out of 54) showed evidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Only 7.4% (4 out of 54) were hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive. Of their parents, 2.2% (2 out of 90) tested positive for anti HCV antibodies, 28.9% (26 out of 90) showed evidence of previous HBV infection and 11.1% (10 out of 90) were HBsAg positive. We argue that HCV constitutes a greater long term threat than HBV in these patients due to the higher incidence of chronic liver disease. We would advocate the introduction of HCV screening of donated blood as well as reinforcing the importance of HBV screening and immunization.
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PMID:A study of hepatitis B and C prevalence and liver function in multiply transfused thalassemic and their parents. 145 8

A total of 428 sera samples from patients of acute sporadic viral hepatitis collected from Delhi (172), Uttar Pradesh (192) and Rajasthan (64) were tested for Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) and Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) markers. Non A non B was diagnosed by exclusion. The prevalence of HAV, HBV and non A non B in such cases was almost comparable at three places. The prevalence of HAV ranged between 15.7 and 20.3 per cent, HBV between 41.3 and 51.6 per cent while non A non B ranged between 28.1 and 43 per cent. The study signifies the role of non A non B in non-epidemic situations.
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PMID:Incidence of different types of viral hepatitis in Delhi, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan areas. 212 22

Diarrhea, pneumonia, and malnutrition account for most of mortality and morbidity in children in developing countries. The Expanded Program of Immunization (EPI) is making progress with more than 50% of children under the age of 1 year receiving vaccination against the 6 EPI-listed diseases. The eradication of poliomyelitis by 2000 is realistic, so that the world could be smallpox- and polio-free by the 21st century. In July-August 1988 a cholera epidemic erupted in Delhi, India in which several hundreds died. The combined whole cell and toxin-B subunit oral vaccine against cholera has shown a decrease in protection from around 75-80% at the end of 6 months to around 60% at the end of 2 years. Typhoid fever affecting close to 8 million people in Asia has been treated with the improved formulation of TY21A vaccine and with the Vi polysaccharide capsular surface antigen in encouraging trials in Nepal. Co-trimoxazole has reduced child mortality caused by acute lower respiratory tract infections at the community level. 3 oral antirabies vaccines have been found safe, and oral baits have been effective. Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria is a major problem in may Asian countries involving sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine combinations as well. Lymphatic filariasis is expressed clinically as elephantiasis. More than 90 million people are believed to be infected. Ivermectin in a single dose as low as 25 mcg/kg of body weight was shown to be microfilaricidal in lymphatic filariasis. Allopurinol riboside is effective against visceral leishmaniasis or kala-azar. Leprosy and tuberculosis continue to be major health problems in Asia. There have been encouraging advances in immunization against cancers of the tropics, such as hepatitis B and primary carcinoma of the liver, the human papilloma virus and cancer of the uterine cervix, the Epstein-Barr virus and Burkitt's lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
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PMID:Perspectives on research and diseases of the Tropics: an Asian view. 269 93

An enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was developed in-house for the detection of anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody against the prevailing genotypes in India. The specific reactivity of the test was compared with commercial second and third-generation EIAs and reverse transcription nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-nested PCR). Fifteen thousand nine hundred twenty-two healthy blood donors at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India, were screened for anti-HCV antibody. Two hundred ninety-five (1.85%) of these donors were positive. The screening was also used to determine how many patients with acute hepatitis and chronic liver diseases were positive for anti-HCV antibody. Five hundred sixty-four chronic liver disease patients were screened for anti-HCV antibody and 78 (13.83%) were found positive. Two hundred forty-seven sporadic acute viral hepatitis patients were screened for viral infection markers. Hepatitis B and E viruses (HBV and HEV) were the major etiologic agents. HCV was associated with 9% of the acute cases. Anti-HCV core IgM with HCV RNA detection were found to be helpful for the diagnosis of acute HCV infection.
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PMID:Magnitude of hepatitis C virus infection in India: prevalence in healthy blood donors, acute and chronic liver diseases. 913 79

Any change in risk behavior related to acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is likely to reduce simultaneously the risk for other agents transmitted through identical routes. A study carried out in the city of Delhi, India on the load of transfusion associated infections among multitransfused (MT) children in relation to mandatory screening of HIV infection in donated blood indicated unchanged prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis D virus (HDV) infections among the group of MT children transfused after the implementation of mandatory screening of HIV infections in blood banks, i.e. post-implementation period (prevalence of HBV, HCV and HDV being 32.8%, 31.3% and 1.6% respectively) compared to a group of MT children transfused over a similar duration before the implementation of mandatory screening i.e. pre-implementation period (prevalence of HBV, HCV and HDV being 28.1%, 26.6% and 1.6% respectively). However, reduction could be recorded in the prevalence of IgM and IgG classes of antibodies to both CMV and HSV-2 infections among MT children receiving transfusion during the post-implementation period (prevalence of 3.1% and 37.1% for CMV IgM and CMV IgG respectively; prevalence of 3.1% and 25% for HSV-2 IgM and HSV-2 IgG, respectively) compared to the group of MT children transfused in the pre-implementation period (prevalence of 15.6% and 56.3% for CMV IgM and CMV IgG respectively; prevalence of 18.8% and 45.2% for HSV-2 IgM and HSV-2 IgG, respectively). These reductions were statistically significant (p values < 0.02 and < 0.05 for CMV IgM and CMV IgG; p values < 0.01 and < 0.02 for HSV-2 IgM and HSV-2 IgG respectively). These observations were in accordance with the recorded reduction in the prevalence of CMV and HSV-2 infections and unaltered prevalence of HBV, HCV and HDV infections in the group of donors donating blood during the post-implementation period compared to those donating in the pre-implementation period. Study of epidemiological risk factors among blood donors showed a change in behavior towards safer sex practice with only 13.0% of donors in the post-implementation period having history of sex with one or more female commercial sex workers during their donation periods compared to 41.5% of donors in the pre-implementation period having similar history (p < 0.001). However no change could be recorded in the proportion of donors donating at frequency higher than the permissible guidelines among the two groups. The present study points out nosocomial transmission as well as limitations in the existing guidelines for screening of infectious agents in blood banks as possible incriminating factors towards acquisition of hepatitis virus infections in blood donors as well as in MT children.
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PMID:Prevalence of transfusion associated infections in multitransfused children in relation to mandatory screening of HIV in donated blood. 965 88

The concurrence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and syphilis and the trend that these infections have followed in blood donors during the last eight years from 1989 to 1997 were studied at a Zonal Blood Testing Centre in New Delhi. Overall, HIV was positive in 0.068 per cent blood donors in this period. A significant rise was found in HIV infection (particularly in a small subgroup of voluntary donors) after 1995 and in VDRL reactivity after 1993. However, no significant increase was found in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positivity. HIV seroprevalence in replacement donors, which represents the low risk general population, increased gradually from 0 in 1991 to an average of 0.060 per cent in 1997. HbsAg and VDRL reactivity was present in 12.2 and 11.8 per cent of HIV positive cases while it was present in 1.2 and 2.3 per cent of HIV negative cases respectively. HBsAg was found 10.4 times and VDRL reactivity 5.9 times more often in HIV positive donors as compared to HIV negative donors. Thus, HIV infection is likely to be more prevalent in communities with a high HBsAg positivity and VDRL reactivity.
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PMID:Incidence of HIV infection & its predictors in blood donors in Delhi. 978 78

Sera from 164 patients with parasitologically confirmed kala-azar and 100 patients with non-kala-azar Delhite in 2 Delhi hospitals were tested for anti-human immunodeficiency (anti-HIV) and anti-hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) antibodies and hepatitis B surface antigens to determine which group is more likely to contract these infections. The mean age of the patients was 32.5 y (+/-6.5 y), (120 M, 44 F). Two patients were from Nepal and the others from the kala-azar endemic state of Bihar, India. As geographical controls, 50 serum samples from sex- and age-matched healthy Bihar residents were also tested for the blood-borne viral infections. All patients had been treated with injectable medicines by 1 or more local physicians before they were referred to the Delhi hospitals. The prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HCV infection was significantly different between the 2 patient groups. While 2 kala-azar patients (1.21%) were found to be HIV-1 positive, 54 (32.9%) patients had anti-HCV antibodies detected by ELISA and 51 (31.1%) by RIBA test. The seroprevalence of HCV was only 2% in hospitalized non-kala-azar cases and 4% in the geographical controls (p < 0.001). The seroprevalence of HBV was 13.2% in hospitalized kala-azar cases, but only 1.75% in disease control cases and 1.6% in geographical control cases. The difference in infection rates between cases and controls was significant (p < 0.001). The results indicate that kala-azar patients treated locally in Bihar have a greater chance of contracting blood-borne infections. Interestingly, we found that HCV was more prevalent than HBV. These infections were most likely acquired through the re-use of needles by local medical and paramedical practitioners for administering anti-leishmanial drugs. This trend, if not checked immediately, may have drastic consequences in the horizontal transmission of HIV in Bihar.
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PMID:Hepatitis B, C and human immunodeficiency virus infections in multiply-injected kala-azar patients in Delhi. 1071 69

Using senior health professionals as interviewers, a 30-cluster sampling survey was carried out to investigate community perceptions of pilia (the local word for jaundice) in east Delhi (India). Of 416 persons (mostly mothers of children aged < 2 years) interviewed, 339 (81%) were aware of pilia as an illness. Only 322 (77%), 164 (39%), 73 (18%) and 71 (17%) people knew about correct symptoms, dangers, causes and prevention of pilia. Most of the correct responses were related to the faeco-orally transmitted viral hepatitis. Literate respondents were significantly more aware of pilia (chi 2 52.81, P < 0.0001), its symptoms (chi 2 48.88, P < 0.0001), causes (chi 2 39.34, P < 0.0001), dangers (chi 2 19.3, P = 0.0007), and prevention (chi 2 60.8, P < 0.0001). However, age of the respondents had no significant bearing (P > or = 0.05) on the correctness of responses. About 293 (70%) subjects considered pilia as a treatable illness; of them, 193 (66%) and 77 (26%) respectively expressed their preference for the 'modern' and indigenous systems of medicine for its treatment. In contrast, 110 (38%) respondents said that they would prefer faith healers for the treatment of pilia. Although only 31 (7%) persons were aware of a vaccine against pilia (hepatitis B vaccine), virtually all agreed to have their children immunized if such a vaccine were made available. The study underscores the usefulness of pilia in lay-reporting of viral hepatitis and epidemiological studies on jaundice-associated illnesses and the need for educating the community about its causes and prevention to increase people's participation in controlling viral hepatitis and other diseases that mainly manifest as jaundice.
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PMID:A survey on community perceptions of jaundice in east Delhi: implications for the prevention and control of viral hepatitis. 1097 87

Hepatitis B vaccine is well established as very efficacious, but immune response to the vaccine is highly individual specific. A study involving fifty vaccinees was undertaken at the Hepatitis Laboratory, National Institute of Communicable Disease, Delhi. One ml (20 microgram) of Engerix B vaccine (recombinant yeast derived vaccine) was administered in the standard three dose schedule (0, 1 and 6 months). The sero-conversion of the vaccinees was 24%, 66%, 76% and 78% at 1 month, 6 months, 7 months, and 12 months respectively. There was no seroconversion in 22% of the vaccinees. Sero-conversion was assessed using Macro ELISA test (Ausab, Abbott Labs) for Anti HBs reactivity.
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PMID:Response to hepatitis B vaccination in high risk population. 1112 60

Major hepatotropic virus continues to be an important cause of acute viral hepatitis (AVH) in developing countries like India. While epidemics of AVH have been well studied few serious sporadic cases from developing countries have been reviewed. We studied prospectively 75 cases of sporadic AVH who reported to our hospital and were evaluated for the presence of various hepatotropic viruses. The seroprevalence of IgG anti-HEV antibodies was studied in the general population as a control. We found 53.3% (40/75) of sporadic AVH cases were due to hepatitis E virus while 11% (8/75) were due to hepatitis B virus. Hepatitis C virus was responsible for 8% (6/75) of the sporadic AVH cases and hepatitis A was found in 5% (4/75) of the cases. No causative agent was found in 23% (17/75) of the sporadic AVH cases. The sporadic AVH cases due to HEV were not clinically or biochemically not different from AVH due to other viruses. We found a high prevalence of IgG anti-HEV in 35.6% (178/500) among the general population of urban Delhi. The study suggested that hepatitis E was the most common cause of sporadic AVH in urban Delhi. High seroprevalence of IgG anti-HEV antibodies in the general population and amongst the sporadic AVH cases suggests that it is unlikely to be protective antibody. IgM anti-HEV positive serology is considered diagnostic of acute hepatitis E infection in India, where hepatitis E is endemic.
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PMID:Role of hepatitis E and other hepatotropic virus in aetiology of sporadic acute viral hepatitis: a hospital based study from urban Delhi. 1133 25


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