Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The reports of 26,879 autopsies performed at the Institute of Pathological Anatomy at the University of Trieste during 1876-85 (70% of all deaths that occurred in the Province) were examined, and 2563 cases of liver cirrhosis were found. Analysis of the sample allowed us to make the following conclusions: (i) The prevalence of cirrhosis at autopsy is high in Trieste and shows no tendency to decrease, as has been inferred by some clinical studies. (ii) The increasing average age at death over the decade studied appears to be unrelated to the new, early treatments adopted for hepatopathic patients, since a similar yearly increase in mean age at death was seen for the whole population of the Province. The combination of a high incidence of cirrhosis and increasing average age of patients will probably result in an increasing occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. (iii) The observed male:female ratio (2.3) is analogous to that of alcohol drinkers in the Province and thus suggests a role of alcohol abuse in the development of cirrhosis. The distribution of markers of hepatitis B virus in the population of Trieste, which is very similar in the two sexes, supports this hypothesis.
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PMID:Occurrence of liver cirrhosis among autopsies in Trieste. 185 48

The prevalence of cholelithiasis (gallstones or previous cholecystectomy) was evaluated in a series of 500 cirrhotic patients from Northern Italy (329 males and 171 females, mean age 58 +/- 11 (SD) yr and 61 +/- 10 yr, respectively). Cirrhosis was related to chronic alcohol abuse in 180 cases, non-A non-B (NANB) hepatitis in 160, hepatitis B virus (HBV) in 94 (including 38 with concomitant alcohol abuse), idiopathic hemochromatosis in 44, and miscellaneous causes in the remaining 22 (including 15 with primary biliary cirrhosis). One hundred and sixteen patients (23.2%) had gallstones, and 31 others (6.2%) had previously undergone cholecystectomy, with an overall prevalence of cholelithiasis of 29.4%. The frequency was similar in both sexes (91/329 males, 27.7% vs. 56/171 females, 32.7%; p = NS), showed a slight increase with age, and differed significantly according to etiology (p less than 0.05), with the highest prevalence in the miscellaneous group and the alcoholics (36.4% and 33.3%, respectively). No significant difference was found in the prevalence of cholelithiasis according to Child's A, B, or C class.
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PMID:Cholelithiasis in cirrhosis: analysis of 500 cases. 842 Feb 66

Always take a full travel, drug and contact history in any patient presenting with jaundice. All drugs should be suspected as potential hepatotoxins. With hepatitis A the presence of IgM antibodies reflects recent infection, and IgG antibody indicates past infection and lifelong immunity. There is no chronic carrier state of hepatitis A and E. All patients with jaundice should be tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Hepatitis B infection is usually benign and short lived, but it can be fatal if chronic hepatitis develops, which may lead later to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Up to 5 to 10 per cent of patients with hepatitis B will become chronic carriers (especially drug addicts and homosexuals). Such carriers are identified by persistent titres of HBsAg and possibly HBeAg, the latter indicating the presence of the whole virus and active replication and high infectivity. A raised gamma glutamyl transferase accompanied by a raised MCV is a good screening test for alcohol abuse.
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PMID:Jaundice. 204 97

The aetiology of chronic liver disease covers a wide range of congenital or acquired abnormalities of the hepatocellular biochemical network. Although our knowledge has considerably increased in recent years, the aetiology of chronic liver disease often remains obscure. Acquired irreversible disturbances of normal liver function can be mediated by hepatotrophic viruses, chemicals, chronic oxygen depletion, or interference with the immune system. Considerable progress has been made in the detection and characterisation of hepatitis B, C, and D viruses as causative agents of chronic active hepatitis. Alcohol abuse remains the predominant cause of chronic liver disease in the Western world. The targets of autoantibodies used to diagnose autoimmune diseases of the liver and primary biliary cirrhosis continue to be biochemically defined. Their significance for the aetiology of the disease, however, remains to be established. Nonparenchymal cells play an important role in the sequence of events following hepatocellular injury and ultimately leading to liver cirrhosis. They release vasoactive compounds, cytokines, and other important mediators, and participate in the modulation of the extracellular matrix that is characteristic of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. The biochemical basis of liver cell necrosis remains poorly defined. In spite of recent progress, and the detection of some new pathogenic principles that help in the understanding of the complications of chronic liver disease such as portal hypertension, oesophagogastric variceal bleeding, portosystemic encephalopathy, ascites, and other metabolic disturbances, many questions concerning the aetiology and pathophysiology of chronic liver disease and its complications remain to be answered.
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PMID:Aetiology and pathophysiology of chronic liver disorders. 208 79

Antibodies against hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) were detected in 60.8% of 78 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Cirrhosis, present in most of the patients, as well as alcohol abuse, age, sex, and alpha-fetoprotein were equally distributed in the anti-HCV-positive and -negative groups. HBsAg positivity was significatively higher in negative anti-HCV group. By contrast, hepatitis B virus (HBV) antibodies were detected more frequently in positive anti-HCV patients than in the negative anti-HCV group. These data must be considered with caution because of the small number of HBsAg-positive patients. It is concluded that the high prevalence of anti-HCV in patients with HCC may suggest an etiological role of the hepatitis C virus, although in relationship to age, alcohol abuse and cirrhosis, the similarity in the two groups questions this hypothesis.
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PMID:Serum antibodies to hepatitis C virus in Italian patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. 216 May 17

The influence of hepatitis B virus infection, alcohol consumption, tobacco smoking and use of oral contraceptives on the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was evaluated in a hospital-based case-control study in Catalonia, in the Mediterranean coastal area of north-eastern Spain. A total of 96 HCC cases (86.5% of them with associated liver cirrhosis) and 190 age- and sex-matched controls were studied. The odds ratio of HCC and 95% confidence interval among hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers was 4.9 (1.3-21.9). The OR was not significantly elevated in smokers, and a marginally significant increased risk was found among users of oral contraceptives based on 6 female cases. There was a significant dose-response relationship between alcohol consumption and risk of HCC (chi 2 for trend: 24.3, p less than 0.001). Although hepatitis B infection was strongly associated with HCC, alcohol abuse leading to cirrhosis appears to be one of the main causes of HCC in this region.
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PMID:Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in Catalonia, Spain. 216 42

We studied the prevalence of liver disease and the carrier state for hepatitis B (HBV), delta virus (HDV) and HIV-1 infection in two Valencian penitentiaries, one for males and the other for females. Serological results were correlated with history of intravenous drug addiction, alcohol abuse, homosexuality or prostitution (high-risk groups), and duration and number of internments. A high prevalence of increased transaminase levels (52.2%) and serological markers for HBV infection (66.5%) was observed amongst the inmates, figures being higher amongst high-risk individuals and inmates confined for more than 6 months. No signs of HDV or HIV-1 infection were found amongst the prison staff. Anti-HIV-1 positivity was observed most frequently amongst individuals combining both drug abuse and homosexuality/and prostitution.
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PMID:Prevalence of liver disease and infection by hepatitis B, delta virus, and human immunodeficiency virus in two Spanish penitentiaries. 232 61

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a rapidly fatal neoplasm of high worldwide prevalence. Fibromellar carcinoma (FLC), a variant of HCC, lacks the dismal prognosis of "ordinary" HCC (O-HCC) and is characterized by a diagnostic histologic appearance. The current study analyzes the clinical characteristics, immunohistochemistry, and treatment of nineteen cases of FLC. These data, together with a detailed review of the literature, further characterize this unique variant. FLC affects younger patients and lacks the male predominance of O-HCC. Also, FLC lacks specific association with cirrhosis, hepatitis B virus infection, use of oral contraceptives, and alcohol abuse, all of which are implicated in other hepatic tumors. This, along with differences in serum tumor marker prevalence (AFP, B12 binding protein) suggests that its pathogenesis differs from that of O-HCC. Despite these differences, FLC shares a common differentiation with O-HCC. The increased amounts in FLC of stainable alpha-1-antitrypsin, fibrinogen, and C-reactive protein, all of which are acute phase reactants and normal hepatocyte products, implies better differentiation of FLC cells. Finally, the better prognosis of FLC is supported by this study, since only two of the 19 patients died because of tumor. This contrasts with the reported survival of patients with O-HCC, usually measured in weeks. Hepatic transplantation may hold promise for future patients with "surgically unresectable" FLC as procedure-related complications are overcome.
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PMID:Fibrolamellar carcinoma of the liver: an immunohistochemical study of nineteen cases and a review of the literature. 245 77

All the cases of proven hepatocellular carcinoma seen at Westmead Hospital, Sydney between January 1980 and the end of 1987 were reviewed. Hepatitis B infection was the major predisposing condition. Six patients had taken significant doses of sex steroids. Seventeen of the patients were cirrhotic at the time of diagnosis and in seven of these there was a significant history of alcohol abuse. AFP was elevated in only 15 of the 34 patients. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the single, independent determinant of a raised AFP level was found to be presence of Hepatitis B infection. Resection was possible in 10 patients. In the last ten months, seven patients have been treated by embolisation of the tumour with Adriamycin bonded to lipidol. Survival was influenced by the presence or absence of cirrhosis but not by evidence of Hepatitis B infection. The prognosis for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in Australia is as dismal as it is in any other country. Although a rare tumour its incidence may well increase as the community now contains relatively greater numbers of immigrants from areas where the risk of developing a hepatocellular carcinoma is higher and because of the number of drug addicts who are frequently exposed to Hepatitis B infection. With the exception of patients with Hepatitis B infection, screening with AFP holds little promise in the Caucasian community.
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PMID:Hepatocellular carcinoma in western Sydney. 246 Nov 43

Sex steroid treatment is associated with side effects. The number of deaths and morbidity cases in 425 transsexual patients treated with cross-gender hormones were evaluated retrospectively and compared with the expected number in a similar reference group of the population. The number of deaths in male-to-female transsexuals was five times the number expected, due to increased numbers of suicide and death of unknown cause. Combined treatment with estrogen and cyproterone acetate in 303 male-to-female transsexuals was associated with a 45-fold increase of thromboembolic events, hyperprolactinemia (400-fold), depressive mood changes (15-fold), and transient elevation of liver enzymes. Androgen treatment in 122 female-to-male transsexuals was associated with weight increase greater than 10% (17.2%) and acne (12.3%). In both groups persistent liver enzyme abnormalities could be attributed to other causes than sex steroids (hepatitis B and alcohol abuse). Much of the morbidity was minor and reversible with appropriate treatment or temporary discontinuation of hormone treatment. Thus, the dilemma of prescribing cross gender hormones in view of the needs of these patients is not resolved. Explanation of possible side effects and careful clinical judgment remain the cornerstone of the clinical decision to prescribe cross-gender hormones. Furthermore, follow up of this relatively young population to disclose long-term side effects and to elucidate the association of sex steroids with coronary heart disease, as well as efforts to reduce the risk of thromboembolic events, are required.
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PMID:Mortality and morbidity in transsexual patients with cross-gender hormone treatment. 252 51


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