Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

From 1 January 1986 to 1 September 1989 124 women presented to the Ambrose King Centre (the department of genitourinary medicine of the London Hospital) alleging rape. Sexually transmitted diseases were found in 36 (29%) women (excluding candidosis and bacterial vaginosis). The commonest organisms detected were Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Trichomonas vaginalis, each being present in 15 patients. Eleven women had genital warts. Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated in six patients, two had herpes simplex virus infection and one patient had pediculosis pubis. Serological evidence of past hepatitis B infection was detected in five women and one patient had antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus. Eighteen of the 36 women (50%) had multiple infections. Six women had abnormal cervical cytology smears, three being suggestive of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grades II-III. Although it is rarely possible to attribute infection to an assailant, these patients require further counselling, treatment and review. Rape victims are thus a population at risk of having sexually transmitted diseases and screening should be offered.
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PMID:Sexually transmitted diseases in rape victims. 207 Nov 37

Spermicides kill a wide range of bacteria and viruses causing sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in vitro, and protect in vivo from infection by gonorrhoea, chlamydia, and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). In the UK and the US, the most commonly used compound in spermicidal agents is the neutral surfactant nonoxynol-9. Although spermicides reduce the incidence of reinfection by some STDs, an in vivo virucidal action is not supported by convincing data. Among barrier methods, latex condoms provide an impervious barrier in vitro to most STD pathogens, including HIV. Natural condoms made of sheep intestinal membrane can allow passage of hepatitis B viral particles but not HIV in vitro. Several studies have shown protection against cervical gonorrhoea and PID among diaphragm users; however, diaphragm use has been associated with an increased rate of urinary infection and also bacterial vaginosis. It is conceivable that women using oral contraceptives (OCs) do not develop as much tubal damage as women not using OCs because of a modified immunological reaction. A study carried out in Europe showed a statistically significant protective effect against PID of the levonorgestrel-containing IUD as compared with the copper-containing Nova-T. A case/control study of 1028 women in Chicago in 1970 noted admission for PID during the following 7 years of only 1 woman who had been sterilized compared to 9 controls. A case/control study examining risk factors for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in 103 women with biopsy-confirmed CIN II or III did not find an increased risk with either OC or IUD use after adjusting for other known risk factors. After adjustment for age and education, the odds ratio for diaphragm use was .3 and the odds ratio for condom use was .5. Thus, hormonal contraception and tubal ligation give protection to the upper genital tract but not to the cervix.
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PMID:Contraception and the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases. 832 7

The author explains the pitfalls that can make the treatment of STDs difficult in general practice. In this, the second section of his article, he describes the treatment of bacterial vaginosis, chlamydia, syphilis, gonorrhoea and Hepatitis B and C and other STDs.
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PMID:Common misconceptions and pitfalls in STDs. Part 2. 844 84

In this study, the risk profiles and epidemiologic interrelationships of 13 sexually transmitted diseases (STD) were studied in 12,170 men and 6,125 women attending the Adelaide STD Clinic in South Australia from 1988 to 1991. Fifteen independent variables for men and 19 independent variables for women were analyzed by multiple logistic regression. Risk profiles were depicted graphically from the odds ratios of independent associations with the factors studied. These profiles showed a marked influence of socioeconomic factors on the epidemiology of hepatitis B infection, syphilis, scabies (in contrast with the pattern for pediculosis pubis), gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis. The risk profiles for warts, herpes, and molluscum contagiosum are similar and contrast with those of gonorrhea and chlamydia. The vaginitides showed clear differences, with bacterial vaginosis being directly associated with and candidiasis inversely associated with variables relating to sexual activity. In women, gonorrhea was a strong predictor of chlamydial infection and women with gonorrhea had twice the rate of other STDs collectively, compared with women who did not have gonorrhea. However, most other associations between individual STDs and other STDs collectively were of an inverse nature, although several strong associations between individual STDs were found on univariate analysis.
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PMID:Risk profiles and epidemiologic interrelationships of sexually transmitted diseases. 851 5

Ambulatory management of multiple gestation requires careful and continuing care by the obstetrician. The initial evaluation should include a comprehensive history, including use of fertility enhancing drugs and ART, family history, social history; a general physical examination, including a pelvic examination; laboratory evaluation, including complete blood cell count, dipstick urinalysis for protein and glucose, urine culture, blood type, Rh factor and irregular blood antibody determination, serology for rubella, syphilis, hepatitis B surface antigen and varicella (if there is no history). A Papanicolaou smear should be done at the time of the pelvic examination, as should evaluation for bacterial vaginosis. Ultrasound assessment of placentation should be done at 14 weeks' gestation, but vaginal or perineal ultrasound of cervical length should be done at the initial visit. Other testing procedures should include repeat ultrasound evaluation for fetal growth every 4 weeks in a dichorionic placentation and every 3 weeks if monochorionic placentation is present. Triple screen MSAFP at 16-18 weeks' gestation and blood sugar screening at 22-26 weeks should be performed. After the first trimester, the patient should schedule physician visits every 2 weeks or less. Routine medications should include one prenatal vitamin per day, additional folic acid supplementation of 1.0 mg per fetus, supplemental iron preparation, and additional calcium to equal 1500 mg/day. The use of low-dose aspirin to prevent preeclampsia in twin gestations has not been adequately studied. Continuing vigilance by the knowledgeable obstetrician should occur. Multiple gestations should not be cared for by non-physician providers or by family physicians. Referral to a maternal-fetal medicine unit is recommended.
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PMID:Ambulatory management of multiple gestation. 974 54

When a child suffers from sexual abuse clinical guidelines must be established. There is a risk of infection from the following agents responsible for sexually transmitted diseases: the hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency viruses, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, syphilis, herpes simplex virus, bacterial vaginosis, papillomavirus, Trichomonas vaginalis and Pediculus pubis. Therefore, a follow-up with periodic serological monitoring for 1year and immunoprophylaxis or chemoprophylaxis for some of these diseases should be started. Postpuberal girls should receive emergency contraception.
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PMID:[Sexual abuse in children: prevention of sexually transmitted diseases]. 1126 56

These guidelines for the treatment of patients who have sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) were developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) after consultation with a group of professionals knowledgeable in the field of STDs who met in Atlanta on September 26-28, 2000. The information in this report updates the 1998 Guidelines for Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (MMWR 1998;47 [No. RR-1]). Included in these updated guidelines are new alternative regimens for scabies, bacterial vaginosis, early syphilis, and granuloma inguinale; an expanded section on the diagnosis of genital herpes (including type-specific serologic tests); new recommendations for treatment of recurrent genital herpes among persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); a revised approach to the management of victims of sexual assault; expanded regimens for the treatment of urethral meatal warts; and inclusion of hepatitis C as a sexually transmitted infection. In addition, these guidelines emphasize education and counseling for persons infected with human papillomavirus, clarify the diagnostic evaluation of congenital syphilis, and present information regarding the emergence of quinolone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae and implications for treatment. Recommendations also are provided for vaccine-preventable STDs, including hepatitis A and hepatitis B.
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PMID:Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines 2002. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1218 49

Screening for HIV in China began in 1984, with the first AIDS case appearing in 1985. 305,280 sera were tested as of 1992, of which 379 were seropositive for antibodies to HIV. Of these 379 individuals, there were 4 hemophiliacs identified in 1985, 1 homosexual male, 4 individuals returning from Africa, 365 drug addicts and 2 spouses. 68 foreigners and 1 Chinese hemophiliac from Hong Kong also tested seropositive. Concern is expressed over the psychosomatic trials of infected women who feel unable to discuss their HIV status with family members for fear of influencing their role as primary caregivers and sex partners. Without access to medical therapy and support groups, these women no doubt feel isolated. Non-directive counseling is recommended for seropositive women during pregnancy. AIDS patients have reduced natural killer cell cytotoxicity. Seminal plasma also suppresses several immune responses. The pathogenicity of HIV, however, has yet to be determined. Fatty acid metabolism and Beta-endorphin are discussed in the context of therapeutic approaches. HIV/STD interactions are finally considered with individual attention given to bacterial vaginosis, hepatitis B, Chlamydia trachomatis, Herpes Simplex virus, microbiological contaminants of the vagina bacterial vaginosis, syphilis, mycoplasmas/epididymitis, bacterial prostatitis, and IVF culture media infections.
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PMID:HIV / STD interactions immunosuppression and future research development. 1228 86

This article, intended for use by practitioners in India, summarizes the US Centers for Disease Control's recommendations for the management of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The STDs presented are chancroid, genital herpes, granuloma inguinale, lymphogranuloma venereum, syphilis, urethritis, chlamydia, gonococcal infection, bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, pelvic inflammatory disease, epididymitis, human papillomavirus infection, warts, hepatitis B, and ectoparasitic infections. For each STD, information is provided on treatment, follow up, and special circumstances such as pregnancy and concomitant HIV infection.
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PMID:1998 management recommendations for sexually transmitted diseases. 1229 52

The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and other lower genital tract infections were determined in women from a developing community. Patients were recruited from four out-patient clinics of a large urban tertiary referral hospital serving the indigent Black population of KwaZulu/Natal, South Africa. A total of 208 women attending the sexually transmitted diseases (STD) (n = 51), colposcopy (n =50), family planning (n = 52) and antenatal (n = 55) clinics were investigated. Endocervical and vaginal specimens were collected for microbiological investigation of recognised sexually transmitted pathogens. Estimation of vaginal pH, amine test and wet smear microscopy were performed at the bedside. Peripheral venous blood was obtained for serological tests for syphilis, hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Vaginal infections were detected in a total of 50% (104) of women, endocervical infections alone in 9% (18) and concurrent vagino-endocervical infections in 20% (41). Bacterial vaginosis (BV) was diagnosed in 35% (73) and its prevalence amongst different clinic populations ranged from 25% to 41% with no significant differences between any groups. Trichomoniasis was detected significantly more often in women attending the STD and antenatal clinics. Endocervical infections were found mainly in women attending the STD clinic, though the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis amongst the other clinic attenders ranged from 13% to 20%. Micro-organisms such as Gardnerella vaginalis, Mycoplasma hominis, anaerobes and curved Gram-negative rods were found in significantly higher number of women with BV. This study confirms the high prevalence of vaginal, endocervical and mixed vagino-endocervical infections in women from developing communities. The high prevalence of bacterial vaginosis as a single infection and its association with other recognised sexually transmitted pathogens in a large proportion of women, is of significance since such infections not only predispose to ascending upper genital tract infections but are also associated with complications in pregnancy such as premature rupture of membranes, preterm labour and endometritis.
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PMID:Bacterial vaginosis and lower genital tract infections in women attending out-patient clinics at a tertiary institution serving a developing community. 1551 15


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