Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Selection of immunizations should be based on requirements and on risk of infection. According to the International Health Regulations, many countries require yellow fever vaccination and proof thereof as the International Certificate of vaccination. Additionally selected countries require proof of vaccination against cholera and meningococcal disease. A consultation for travel health advice is always an opportunity to ascertain that routine immunizations have been performed. Recommended immunizations often are more important for traveller's health than the required or routine ones. The most frequent vaccine preventable infection in non-immune travellers to developing countries is hepatitis A with an average incidence rate of 0.3% per month; in high risk backpackers or foreign-aid-volunteers this rate is 2.0%. Many immunizations are recommended for special risk groups only: there is a growing tendency in many countries to immunize all young travellers to developing countries against hepatitis B, as it is uncertain who will voluntarily or involuntarily get exposed. The attack rate of influenza in intercontinental travel is estimated to be 1%. Immunity against poliomyelitis remains essential for travel to Africa and parts of Asia. Many of the 0.2-0.4% who experience an animal bite are at risk of rabies. Typhoid fever is diagnosed with an incidence rate of 0.03% per month among travellers to the Indian subcontinent, North and West Africa (except Tunisia), and Peru, elsewhere this rate is 10-fold lower. Meningococcal disease, Japanese encephalitis, cholera and tuberculosis have been reported in travellers, but these infections are rare in this population. Although no travel health vaccine is cost beneficial, most professionals will offer protection against the frequent risks, while most would find it ridiculous to use all available vaccines in every traveller. It is essentially an arbitrary decision made on the risk level one wishes to recommend protection--but the priorities need to be set correctly.
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PMID:Vaccination priorities. 1261 83

Vaccines against infectious diseases have been available since the 1800s, when an immunization strategy against smallpox developed by Jenner gained wide acceptance. Until recently, the only vaccination strategies available involved the use of protein-based, whole killed, and attenuated live virus vaccines. These strategies have led to the development of effective vaccines against a variety of diseases with primary or prominent cutaneous manifestations. Effective and safe vaccines now used worldwide include those directed against measles and rubella (now commonly used together with a mumps vaccine as the trivalent MMR), chickenpox, and hepatitis B. The eradication of naturally occurring smallpox remains one of the greatest successes in the history of modern medicine, but stockpiles of live smallpox exist in the United States and Russia. Renewed interest in the smallpox vaccine reflects concerns about a possible bioterrorist threat using this virus. Yellow fever is a hemorrhagic virus endemic to tropical areas of South America and Africa. An effective vaccine for this virus has existed since 1937, and it is used widely in endemic areas of South America, and to a lesser extent in Africa. This vaccine is recommended once every 10 years for people who are traveling to endemic areas. Advances in immunology have led to a greater understanding of immune system function in viral diseases. Progress in genetics and molecular biology has allowed researchers to design vaccines with novel mechanisms of action (eg, DNA, vector, and VLP vaccines). Vaccines have also been designed to specifically target particular viral components, allowing for stimulation of various arms of the immune system as desired. Ongoing research shows promise in prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination for viral infections with cutaneous manifestations. Further studies are necessary before vaccines for HSV, HPV, and HIV become commercially available.
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PMID:Vaccines for viral diseases with dermatologic manifestations. 1275 57

Three new series of benzo[d]isothiazole, benzothiazole and thiazole Schiff bases were synthesized and tested in vitro with the aim of identifying novel lead compounds active against emergent and re-emergent human and cattle infectious diseases (AIDS, hepatitis B and C, tuberculosis, bovine viral diarrhoea) or against drug-resistant cancers (leukaemia, carcinoma, melanoma, MDR tumors) for which no definitive cure or efficacious vaccine is available at present. In particular, these compounds were evaluated in vitro against representatives of different virus classes, such as a HIV-1 (Retrovirus), a HBV (Hepadnavirus) and the single-stranded RNA(+) viruses Yellow fever virus (YFV) and Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), both belonging to Flaviviridae. Title compounds were also tested against representatives of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp.), various atypic mycobacterial strains (Mycobacterium fortuitum and Mycobacterium smegmatis), yeast (Candida albicans) and mould (Aspergillus fumigatus). None of the compounds showed antiviral or antimicrobial activity. The benzo[d]isothiazole compounds showed a marked cytotoxicity (CC(50)=4-9 microM) against the human CD4(+) lymphocytes (MT-4) that were used to support HIV-1 growth. For this reason, the most cytotoxic compounds of this series were evaluated for their antiproliferative activity against a panel of human cell lines derived from haematological and solid tumors. The results highlighted that all the benzo[d]isothiazole derivatives inhibited the growth of leukaemia cell lines, whereas only one of the above mentioned compounds (1e) showed antiproliferative activity against two solid tumor-derived cell lines.
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PMID:Synthesis and biological evaluation of benzo[d]isothiazole, benzothiazole and thiazole Schiff bases. 1455 94

The care of the traveling child has become more complex and specialized as vaccine developments and recommendations have evolved. Differences in the pediatric immune response and the rationale for vaccine use or omission at certain ages must be considered. Protecting children from travel-related disease involves updating routine childhood immunizations and appropriately administering itinerary-specific travel vaccines. Routine childhood vaccinations may need to be accelerated for young infants traveling before the standard primary vaccine series can be completed. Hepatitis A, hepatitis B, Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, varicella, and tickborne encephalitis vaccinations have pediatric indications, side effects, and uses. This review will address vaccine considerations and current US recommendations particular to traveling children.
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PMID:Vaccinations for the pediatric traveler. 1461 74

We investigated whether crude hop extracts and purified hop components representing every major chemical class of hop compound have antiviral activity. These hop constituents were tested for antiviral activity against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) as a surrogate model of hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza A virus (FLU-A), influenza B virus (FLU-B), rhinovirus (Rhino), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), yellow fever virus (YFV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2). The extracts all failed to prevent the replication of HIV, FLU-A, FLU-B, RSV and YFV. A xanthohumol-enriched hop extract displayed a weak to moderate antiviral activity against BVDV (therapeutic index (TI)=6.0), HSV-2 (TI=>5.3), Rhino (TI=4.0) and HSV-1 (TI=>1.9) with IC(50) values in the low microg/ml range. Pure iso-alpha-acids demonstrated low to moderate antiviral activity against both BVDV (TI=9.1) and CMV (TI=4.2) with IC(50) values in the low microg/ml range. No antiviral activity was detected using beta-acids or a hop oil extract. Ultra-pure preparations (>99% pure) were used to show that xanthohumol accounted for the antiviral activity observed in the xanthohumol-enriched hop extract against BVDV, HSV-1 and HSV-2. Xanthohumol was found to be a more potent antiviral agent against these viruses than the isomer iso-xanthohumol. With Rhino, the opposite trend was observed with iso-xanthohumol showing superior antiviral activity to that observed with xanthohumol. Xanthohumol also showed antiviral activity against CMV, suggesting that it might have a generalized anti-herpesvirus antiviral activity. Again, superior antiviral activity was observed with the xanthohumol isomer against CMV. In summary, iso-alpha-acids and xanthohumol were shown to have a low-to-moderate antiviral activity against several viruses. These hop constituents might serve as interesting lead compounds from which more active anti-HCV, anti-Rhino and anti-herpesvirus antiviral agents could be synthesized.
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PMID:Antiviral activity of hop constituents against a series of DNA and RNA viruses. 1467 May 94

An efficient synthesis of 5'-nor carbocyclic ribavirin (4) is described in 13 steps from conveniently available (+)-(IR,4S)-4-hydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1-yl acetate (6). Compound 4 was evaluated against the following viruses: herpes simplex type 1 and 2, vaccinia, cowpox, smallpox, Ebola, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, adenovirus type 1, influenza A (H1N1 and H3N2), influenza B, parainfluenza type 3, Pichinde, Punta Toro A, respiratory syncytial, rhinovirus type 2, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, yellow fever, and West Nile. No activity was found nor was there any cytotoxicity to the viral host cells.
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PMID:5'-nor carbocyclic ribavirin. 1468 22

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this article is to make an analysis of the dynamics of the imunization schedule and an updating of the practical aspects of the vaccination. METHODS: The authors, based on the official recommendations, in the imunization schedule of the Infectology Department of the Brazilian Society of Pediatrics and on their experience, present practical aspects to facilitate the understanding of the dynamics of application of the calendar. RESULTS: The current calendar of the Brazilian Society of Pediatrics (SBP) is presented with a practical analysis of the vaccines BCG, hepatitis B, poliomyelitis, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), DPT and triple viral, which are also part of the Calendar of the National Program of Immunizations. Besides this, they analyze two other suitable vaccines for SBP, against varicella and hepatitis A. Finally they comment on the risk of urbanization of the yellow fever and the increasing indication of vaccination against this disease in Brazil. CONCLUSIONS: The imunization schedule should be dynamic, adapted to the epidemiologic characteristics of each country or place. The presented calendar is what is now recommended by the Infectology Department of the Brazilian Society of Pediatrics (SBP).
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PMID:[Immunization schedule: dynamics and updating] 1468 92

(+/-)-1-Deazaaristeromycin (4) has been reported to be an inactivator of S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) hydrolase and, as a consequence, to affect S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) mediated macromolecular biomethylations. To extend this to our program focused on 5'-noraristeromycin derivatives as inhibitors of the same hydrolase enzyme as potential antiviral agents, both enantiomers of 1-deaza-5'-noraristeromycin (5 and 20) have been prepared. Compounds 5 and 20 were evaluated against the following viruses: vaccinia, cowpox, monkeypox, Ebola, herpes simplex type 1 and 2, human cytomegalovirus, Epstein Barr, varicella zoster, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV-1 and HIV-2, adenovirus type 1, measles, Pichinde, parainfluenza type 3, influenza A (H1N1 and H3N2), influenza B, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, rhinovirus type 2, respiratory syncytial, yellow fever, and West Nile. No activity was found nor was there any cytotoxicity to the viral host cells.
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PMID:L-deaza-5'-noraisteromycin. 1504 37

Immunisations for the traveller include, before specific vaccine, a correct immunisation schedule according to national recommendations with appropriate boosters and hepatitis B immunisation. The yellow fever vaccine is required to entry in countries of endemic area and quadrivalent ACYW135 meningococcal vaccine for entry in Saudi Arabia. Hepatitis A immunisation could be performed at 1 year of age and is recommended for travellers in tropical areas and children vaccination control the disease both in the patient and in the contacts. Meningococcal A+C vaccines are required for travellers in meningitis-prone areas of tropical Africa during the dry season (December to June), and quadrivalent ACYW135 is useful only in Burkina-Faso and Niger. Typhoid and rabies vaccines are required for ambulatory travellers in endemic areas, as Japanese encephalitis in south-west Asia. In central Europe, tick-borne encephalitis vaccination is recommended for patients travelling in forest areas during spring and summer.
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PMID:[Vaccinations for the travellers]. 1517 11

Advising travelers on vaccine-preventable illnesses is increasingly becoming the responsibility of primary care physicians. The approach to vaccine recommendations should be based on a thorough assessment of the risks for travel-related diseases, the time available before trip departure, and current knowledge of the epidemiology of vaccine-preventable diseases. Routine childhood vaccinations should be reviewed in all travelers and updated as necessary. Yellow fever vaccination may be required for entry by countries that lie within a yellow fever zone or for travelers coming from an endemic area to prevent introduction of the disease. Immunization against hepatitis B virus should be considered in travelers who expect to have close contact with local populations that have high rates of hepatitis B transmission. Japanese encephalitis vaccine should be offered to travelers who plan prolonged trips to rural areas in southeast Asia or the Indian subcontinent during the transmission season. Typhoid fever immunization is recommended for travelers who may be exposed to potentially contaminated food and drink. Preexposure rabies vaccination should be considered in travelers who plan a prolonged duration of stay in a remote area or who engage in activities that might involve working near animals or that could attract animals. Physicians should be aware of the adverse events and contraindications associated with each travel vaccine.
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PMID:Travel immunizations. 1599 64


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