Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Hepatic viscerotomy of paraffin-preserved old specimens, collected in the period from 1934 to 1967, were analyzed by immunohistochemical assays to detect hepatitis B, hepatitis D, dengue and yellow fever virus antigens. The material belongs to the Yellow Fever Collection, Department of Pathology, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and the cases were diagnosed at that time according to clinical aspects and histopathological findings reporting viral hepatitis, yellow fever, focal necrosis and hepatic atrophy. From the 79 specimens, 69 were collected at the Labrea Region and the other 10 in difFerent other localities in the Amazon Region. The five micra thick histological slices were analyzed for the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) by immunoperoxidase technique. An immunofluorescence assay was applied to the detection of hepatitis D, yellow fever and dengue virus antigens. Nine (11.4%) histological samples were HBsAg reactive and 5 (6.3%) were HBcAg reactive. The oldest reactive sample was from 1934. Viral antigens related to the other pathologies were not detected in this study. Our results confirm that the methodology described may be used to elucidate the aetiology of hepatitis diseases even after a long time of conservation of the specimens.
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PMID:Detection of hepatitis B virus antigens in paraffin-embedded liver specimens from the Amazon region, Brazil. 1199 58

Laboratory science students are engaged in laboratory practice under supervision during the course of their training programme. They are exposed to the risk of laboratory-acquired infection and need to be adequately informed and equipped with facilities to protect their health. A questionnaire was administered to laboratory science students to determine their perception of hazards in laboratory practice and the observance of safety codes in their work practices. Of 128 students, 118 completed the questionnaire, a response rate of 92%. Sixty of them (51%) were males and 53 (45%) were females; five students did not indicate their sex. The results revealed that only 34 (29%) of the students use gloves for handling biological samples and 26 (22%) use gloves for handling clinical waste. Ninety-four students (80%) reported that they washed their hands after handling specimens. Eighteen of the students (15%) had been immunised against tuberculosis, 80 (68%) against tetanus, six (5%) against hepatitis B, and 18 (15%) against yellow fever. Ninety-six students (81%) thought the greatest hazard in laboratory practice was harmful biological organisms, while 13 (11%) indicated that chemical agents were the greatest hazard. Virology was thought to be the most hazardous specialty by 41 students (35%) while morbid anatomy was ranked as least hazardous by 48 (41%) of the students. These findings indicate that whilst laboratory science students are aware of the hazards in laboratory practice, this knowledge is not translated to safe practices and students may endanger their health as a result of exposure to laboratory practice. They therefore need to be provided with adequate facilities to protect themselves and adequate supervision to ensure that they imbibe safe work practices during their training years.
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PMID:Health and safety of laboratory science students in Ibadan, Nigeria. 1213 63

As greater numbers of people travel to exotic locations, vaccine technology is becoming increasingly important. Deciding on appropriate immunisation can be complex: it involves assessment of the traveller's risk, an awareness of the potential diseases at a particular destination and knowledge of the vaccines available. This article focuses on nine diseases that can be prevented through vaccination: hepatitis A; typhoid; yellow fever; hepatitis B; tick-borne encephalitis; rabies; meningococcal meningitis; Japanese encephalitis; and cholera. In each case the indications for immunisation are discussed as well as any contraindications and adverse reactions to the vaccines.
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PMID:Travel vaccines: a guide to appropriate use. 1216 24

Immunization is an essential component of primary health care and child survival activities throughout the world. Since the establishment of the World Health Organization's Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) in 1974, the estimated incidence of childhood vaccine-preventable diseases has declined significantly. Today, immunization against the 6 diseases targeted by EPI--diphtheria, measles, pertussis, polio, tetanus and tuberculosis--prevents approximately 2 million childhood deaths per year. Nevertheless, many women and children in the developing world remain unimmunized, resulting in the death or disability from vaccine-preventable diseases of over 3 million children annually. Currently, efforts are focused on expanding immunization services for women and children with the goal of protecting all children against the 6 EPI-targeted diseases. Recent initiatives call for the eradication of polio by 2000, the elimination of neonatal tetanus by 1995, and a 95% reduction in measles incidence by 1995. Expanding immunization coverage against hepatitis B and yellow fever also are objectives in areas where these diseases are endemic. To achieve these goals, current immunization program priorities include: 1) the continued use of current vaccines as well as the introduction of new more effective, and more stable ones; 2) the development and improvement of cold chain technologies to safely transport, store, and distribute vaccines; 3) the development and improvement of injection technologies to ensure proper administration of vaccines and safe handling of injection equipment; and 4) efficient program management that strives to achieve and sustain expanded coverage and service delivery through improved training, supervision, evaluation and community mobilization. The most recent developments in these areas are reviewed, updating a 1983 "Directions" issue on the same topic.
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PMID:Immunization. 1228 90

This brief article voices a concern about unregistered births and the recent decline in immunization coverage, especially in developing countries. A recent report by UNICEF, "The Progress of Nations, 1998" reports that 1 in 3 newborns, or about 40 million births, are unregistered. Some developing countries lack a registration system. UNICEF is concerned about unregistered births because of the implications for receipt of services. In Kenya, for example, unregistered children may not be eligible for immunization. In the past 20 years, immunization coverage rates have increased from 5% to 80%. This progress may be further improved with the possibility of vaccine coverage for diarrheal diseases and acute respiratory infections. It is predicted that soon it may be possible to save the lives of 8 million children yearly. However, there is a declining trend in immunization at a time when new vaccines are about to enter the market. In addition, 2 million children's lives could be saved if every child were vaccinated. Only 50% of the children in sub-Saharan Africa receive immunization against diphtheria, whooping cough, and tetanus. Measles kills over 800,000 children yearly, but measles immunization is often not performed. Measles immunization varies widely by country in Africa. In Uganda, all children are vaccinated against measles, while only 20% in Kenya are protected against measles. In developed countries, only 89% of children in the US were vaccinated against measles. Adults need vaccination against hepatitis B, which kills about 1 million/year. Yellow fever is reoccurring in Africa and Latin America.
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PMID:UNICEF report highlights unregistered births. 1229 21

The 12th Technical Advisory Group Meeting on Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (TAG) was held in Guatemala during September 8-12, 1997. Created in 1985 during the polio eradication campaign, TAG meets every 2 years and is the leading forum to promote regional initiatives to control and eliminate vaccine-preventable diseases. One of the group's main objectives has been to strengthen the policy dialogue upon immunization among governments in the region and participating agencies. Some of TAG's major conclusions and recommendations are presented with regard to immunization in a changing policy environment, measles eradication, poliomyelitis, neonatal tetanus, rubella and congenital rubella, hepatitis B, yellow fever, Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib), vaccines of quality, and research and development in the regional vaccine initiative.
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PMID:SVI technical advisory group meets. 1234 24

As part of a 10-year health sector reform effort, the government of Bolivia is collaborating with the Pan American Health Organization and the World Bank to increase coverage of vaccines included in the national immunization program and to introduce other important vaccines (such as yellow fever vaccine in affected areas and vaccination against hepatitis B in endemic areas) into the program. Financing will be covered by a World Bank loan of US $6.5 million, grants from international agencies ($4.5 million), and $9 million from the government. A 5-year plan offers specific strategies to 1) strengthen the national immunization program to improve adoption and implementation of immunization policies, 2) strengthen health services to improve coverage and introduce other vaccines, and 3) strengthen the information and surveillance systems. Indicators to monitor implementation of the project will include 1) coverage of DPT3 dose in 1999 and coverage with pentavalent 3 vaccine by the year 2000; 2) the number of municipalities with DPT3 coverage less than 80% and the number with pentavalent 3 coverage less than 80% by 2000; and 3) national financing of immunization programs.
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PMID:Bolivia benefits from PAHO / World Bank partnership. 1234 86

A variety of newly discovered pathogens and new forms of older infectious agents threaten to reemerge. Typical symptoms of acute infection are fever, headache, malaise, vomiting, and diarrhea. Some of the better-known emerging viral infections include dengue, filoviruses (Ebola, Marburg), hantaviruses, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV, influenza, lassa fever, measles, rift valley fever, rotavirus, and yellow fever. Emerging bacterial infections include cholera, Escherichia coli 0157:H7, legionnaires disease (Legionella), lyme disease, streptococcus infections (group A), tuberculosis, and typhoid. Emerging parasitic infections include cryptosporidium and other waterborne pathogens and malaria. The causes of many diseases are still shrouded in mystery; thus, treatments and cures for them are as yet unknown.
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PMID:The threat of emerging infections. 1234 57

Ecuador conducted its National Immunization Day on August 2-13, 1999, against 10 vaccine-preventable diseases, and distributed vitamin A supplementation to children between the ages of 6 to 36 months. The goals of the campaign were: 1) indiscriminate vaccination with oral polio vaccine of all children under 5 years old; 2) nationwide introduction of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines to all children aged 12-23 months; 3) hepatitis B vaccine introduction to all children below 1 year in the eastern part of the country, vaccination with dT of 60% of all women of childbearing age in 71 areas identified at risk for neonatal tetanus, and nationwide vaccination with dT of all pregnant women; and 4) yellow fever immunization of all children aged 1-14 years in the eastern provinces located in the Amazon Basin and of all adults aged 15-49 years in the provinces of Sucumbios, Napo, Orellana, and the area of Mumullacta in Pastanza.
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PMID:Ecuador holds National Immunization Day. 1234 62

Autoimmune inflammatory polyneuropathy (PN) can be triggered by vaccination. We report 3 such cases. A 36-year-old female nurse presented 15 days after a hepatitis B vaccination (HBV) with acute sensory disturbances in the lower limbs. She had severe ataxia but no weakness. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein level was 84 mg/100 mL, with 3 lymphocytes. A 66-year-old man presented 21 days after HBV with severe motor and sensory PN involving all 4 limbs. A 66-year-old man presented 15 days after a yellow fever vaccination with progressive motor and sensory PN involving all 4 limbs and bilateral facial paralysis. CSF protein level was 300 mg/100 mL, with 5 lymphocytes. Six weeks later, a tracheostomy was performed. In these 3 patients, the nerve deficits lasted for months. In each case, peripheral nerve biopsy showed KP1-positive histiocytes but no T-lymphocytes in the endoneurium. On ultrastructural examination, there was axonal degeneration in the first 2 cases; in case 2, a few myelinated fibers exhibited an intra-axonal macrophage but the myelin sheath was preserved. There was only 1 example of macrophage-associated demyelination in case 2, but these were numerous in case 3. It is likely that in the first 2 cases, an autoimmune reaction against some axonal or neuronal components was triggered by HBV. It induced an acute sensory ataxic PN in case 1 and an acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN) in case 2. The third patient had a chronic inflammatory demyelinating PN, likely triggered by yellow fever vaccination.
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PMID:Postvaccinal inflammatory neuropathy: peripheral nerve biopsy in 3 cases. 1236 64


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