Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Vaccinations or booster injections against tetanus, diphtheria and polio shortly before leaving on a journey are both possible and to be recommended. Active hepatitis-A-vaccination can also be applied immediately prior to the journey, and offers better protection than gamma globulins. As a rule, vaccinations against hepatitis B, yellow fever and typhoid must be given one to four weeks before the journey. Effective malaria prophylaxis for last-minute travellers is always possible. In addition to mandatory "exposure prevention", effective chemoprophylaxis is also recommended for travellers to tropical Africa. The dose of the first week should, whenever possible, be taken prior to the start of the journey.
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PMID:[Fast prophylaxis for last-minute travelers. Which measures are still possible 1 week before traveling?]. 1087 Mar 90

The live attenuated yellow fever vaccine 17D was found as early as 1936 by M. Theiler of the Rockfeller Foundation. This strain of yellow fever is still the only one used today. The experience acquired with this vaccine has led to various changes in its composition: use of the seed lot system (in 1941) following the accidents observed in Brazil; elimination of human plasma as stabilising agent because of hepatitis B transmission (1942); preparation of a vaccine free of avian leukemia; perfection of a thermostable vaccine (1984). These various successive improvements resulted in one of the most effective vaccines. Over the past years, different ways of improving the vaccine have been envisaged: change of cellular substrate, purifications, development of a new vaccine through genetical engineering. We will review these different approaches in order to gauge their advantages and drawbacks both from a legislative and pharmaceutical point of view. It has been recently suggested that an infected cDNA clone from the 17D strain be used as a yellow fever vaccine or as a gene-vector for other flaviviruses. This most promising approach raises questions, notably ones of security and legislation which we will discuss.
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PMID:[Is there an alternative to the amaril 17D vaccine?]. 1100 Sep 59

Various publications have caused concern by implying that immunization may be linked to new cases or flare-ups of immunological diseases (IDs). In view of the resulting uncertainty, we studied physicians' vaccine risk perception and immunization practices for adults with IDs. A questionnaire was mailed to three groups of physicians in France: internal medicine specialists, general practitioners, and travel clinic physicians. Thirteen vaccines currently used for adults in France were studied. Risk perception was rated on a 10 cm visual analog scale (VAS). The distribution of the answers was compared between and within groups of physicians. Potential associations between risk perception and reported practices were investigated by multivariate analysis. In the three groups of physicians (n=762), the tetanus and Salk poliomyelitis vaccines had the lowest risk perception. The yellow fever, BCG and Sabin poliomyelitis vaccines were the least well perceived. The distribution of risk perception for these three live vaccines and the hepatitis B vaccine was uniform according to VAS grading. For the other vaccines studied, the distribution was skewed to the low-risk perception side of the VAS. Risk perception was greater for physicians who stated: (1) that certain IDs carried a high risk of adverse events following immunization; (2) that they sought the advice of the referent physician before immunization; (3) warned their patients of the risk of an ID flare-up after vaccination; (4) sought information about recent immunization in patients with a flare-up; and (5) had experience of the side effects of immunization in adults with ID. Risk perception was lower for physicians who said they updated immunizations, and for the internists. The worse the vaccine risk perception by physicians, the more uniform the distribution of perception, thus reflecting the disagreement of the scientific community about the risk of using such vaccines for adults with an ID. Risk perception and immunization practices were related in adults with ID. Understanding of decisions concerning immunization may help to improve immunization updating and prevent risk amplification when evidence is lacking.
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PMID:A survey of physicians' vaccine risk perception and immunization practices for subjects with immunological diseases. 1111 15

There are a large number of viruses, such as cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr, Herpes simplex, mumps, varicella, yellow fever, etc., known to cause inflammatory disease of the liver, but the term viral hepatitis generally refers to the five well described hepatotropic viruses which are divided into enteral and parenteral groups based on their mode of transmission. Hepatitis A and E viruses are enterically transmitted by the faecal-oral route and do not exist in a chronic carrier state. Hepatitis B, C and D viruses are parenterally transmitted, occur both in the acute and chronic forms, and, when they persist in a chronic carrier state, they serve as a reservoir for infection and give rise to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatitis G virus has recently been described but its significance in the causation of human liver disease is yet to be established. Also, the most recently described TT virus in patients with post-transfusion hepatitis awaits further studies. Acute sporadic and epidemic viral hepatitis are common world-wide, mostly in the developing countries, including Ethiopia, and account for high morbidity and mortality, especially among pregnant women. Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus is a significant problem on a global scale, affecting over 300 million people. Hepatitis C virus infection is probably the most common cause of chronic viral hepatitis, end-stage liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma in the world, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, including Ethiopia. Therefore, this article will review and highlight the relevant epidemiological, preventive and therapeutic aspects of viral hepatitis with emphasis on new developments and recent data obtained from Ethiopian studies.
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PMID:Epidemiology, prevention and treatment of viral hepatitis with emphasis on new developments. 1114 85

We studied five fatal cases of dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF), confirmed using the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method, in Vietnamese children. The liver seems to be a target for dengue virus, so postmortem examinations were performed to investigate elementary lesions, local recruitment of inflammatory cells and whether the virus was present in target cells of the liver. We detected severe, diffuse hepatitis with midzonal necrosis and steatosis in two patients, focal areas of necrosis in two patients, and normal histology in one patient. Dengue virus antigen was detected using immunohistochemistry in hepatocytes from necrotic areas in four cases. There was no recruitment of polymorphonuclear cells, and no lymphocytes were detected in the liver lesions of patients who died from DHF. Lymphocytic infiltration occurred in only one hepatitis B virus-positive patient, with no signs of chronic hepatitis. Kupffer cells had mostly been destroyed in cases with focal or severe necrosis. TUNEL tests were positive in necrotic areas, with positive cells forming clusters, suggesting that an apoptotic mechanism was involved. Thus, we suggest that the hepatocyte and Kupffer cells may be target cells supporting virus replication and that the councilman body is an apoptotic cell, as in the pathogenesis of yellow fever.
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PMID:Liver histopathology and biological correlates in five cases of fatal dengue fever in Vietnamese children. 1125 11

Vaccinations are an easy and highly effective way to keep travellers healthy. There are few problems with compliance, as all vaccinations are administered pretravel and many vaccines offer protection rates > 95% after a single dose (e.g. hepatitis A, yellow fever). Vaccination of hepatitis A and diphtheriatetanus are recommended for all developing countries. Polio is still indicated for Asia and Africa. Hepatitis B, if possible in combination with A, is recommended for persons travelling for > 30 days, travellers < 35 years, and for people showing special risk behaviour (e.g. high-risk sports, unprotected sexual intercourse). Depending on destination and kind and duration of travel, further vaccinations have to be considered, e.g.: yellow fever (endemic areas, rule of entry), rabies (trekking, travel in remote areas), typhoid fever (Indian sub-continent), meningococcal meningitis (meningitis belt, pilgrims to Saudi-Arabia), tick-borne encephalitis (endemic areas in Europe and Asia), influenza (persons at special risk of complications), Japanese encephalitis (low standard travel in rural areas of Southeast Asia > 30 days), measles (particularly endemic in Africa). Cholera vaccination is virtually never indicated. Several vaccines can be delivered at the same time.
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PMID:[Vaccinations for overseas travelers--new evidence and recommendations]. 1144 96

There is no agreement on immunization of children treated with chemotherapy (CT) for solid tumors. Based on a review of the literature, we have attempted to establish guidelines on this subject. Except for hepatitis B vaccine, there is no argument to support the use of vaccine during CT. After a standard CT, a 3-month washout period appears to be necessary before starting an immunization program for a child not previously vaccinated, or to proceed with the recommended booster injections for diphteria anatoxin, tetanus vaccine, poliomyelitis inactivated vaccine, pertussis vaccine, and haemophilus influenza type b vaccine if the child is less than 5 years old. For mumps, measles, and rubella live vaccines, a longer post-CT washout of 6 months is suggested for the initial immunization, or for a revaccination of a child proved to be negative for all three serologies. Following high-dose CT a minimal 12-months term and a normalization of the blood lymphocytes count is necessary before planning booster injections once having checked for antidiphteria, tetanic, polio, measles, mumps, rubella and +/- haemophilus antibody titles. We don't find any reason to recommend a systematic varicella immunization in pediatric oncology. Pneumococcal vaccine is recommended in case of asplenia. Any other vaccination (BCG, influenza, yellow fever) must be evaluated individually.
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PMID:[Immunization for children treated for solid tumors: what are the guidelines?]. 1148 58

The expanded program on immunization will soon celebrate its 25th anniversary. The original program included vaccination against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, poliomyelitis, measles, and tuberculoses. It was expanded to include first yellow fever and hepatitis B and later haemophilus. Results are mixed. Diphtheria was under control but has made a major comeback since vaccination was halted in eastern Europe. Tetanus in newborns should no longer be a public health problem by 2005. Control of pertussis has not been achieved because the vaccine has been unsuccessful in interrupting transmission. Poliomyelitis is no longer reported in the Americas. Hopefully transmission of the wild virus will be stopped by 2003 and total eradication of poliomyelitis will be achieved by 2005. For several reasons, there has been an alarming increase in tuberculosis with an estimated annual incidence of 5 million cases worldwide. Eradication of measles was achieved in the Americas in 2000 and is expected in the European region by 2007 and in the east Mediterranean area by 2010. Current data on yellow fever and hepatitis B is inadequate, these vaccination being still poorly implemented in endemic areas. A more widespread use of the vaccine will be needed. However spending cutbacks and changing priorities in the Health Ministries will require a renewal of commitment to this immunization policy.
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PMID:[The expanded program of vaccination: 25 years tomorrow]. 1158 77

Two problems must be considered in regard to the relationship between vaccinations and MS: Do vaccinations favour the first attack of MS? Do they increase the short- or long-term risk in patients with known disease? Answers to these questions are difficult due to the paucity of reported cases, our ignorance of the precise frequency of neurological adverse events in vaccines based on prospective studies, and finally by the lack of a well established pathophysiology. In most instances, the role of the vaccine is based on a temporal link between the injection and the onset of neurological disease, and more rarely to a positive reintroduction. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), a monophasic and multifocal illness of the white and grey matter, has been observed following various viral or bacterial infections as well as vaccine injections for diseases such as pertussis, tetanus and yellow fever. The similarities between ADEM and experimental allergic encephalitis (EAE) are suggestive of an immunological process. In addition to the dramatic presentation of ADEM, more limited white matter involvement, such as optic neuritis or myelitis, has been reported following vaccine injections, and has occasionally been counted as the first attack of MS. In France, 25 million inhabitants, almost half of the population, were vaccinated against hepatitis B (HB) between 1991 and 1999. Several hundred cases of an acute central demyelinating event following HB vaccination were reported to the pharmacovigilance unit, leading to a modification of vaccination policy in the schools and the initiation of several studies designed to examine the possible relationship between the vaccine and the central demyelinating events. The results of these studies failed to establish the causality of the HB vaccine. Nevertheless, molecular mimicry between HB antigen(s) and one or more myelin proteins, or a non-specific activation of autoreactive lymphocytes, could constitute possible pathogenetic mechanisms for these adverse neurological events.
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PMID:Vaccinations and multiple sclerosis. 1160 17

Recent advances in travel medicine include the use of computer resources to obtain information on outbreaks and recommendations to travelers, the introduction of atovaquone/proguanil as chemoprophylaxis and treatment for malaria, the use of azithromycin as an alternative in the self-treatment of traveler's diarrhea, and the combination of hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccines. At the same time, new challenges continue to appear. Shifts in the distribution of infections, such as West Nile virus and dengue fever, underscore the need for up-to-date information. Well-known infectious diseases, such as polio, meningococcal meningitis, and influenza are appearing in unexpected ways and settings. It is increasingly clear that travelers, while at risk for infections, also play a role in the global dispersal of pathogens, such as certain serogroups of Neisseria meningitidis and influenza. Increasing drug resistance affects the choice of drugs for treatment and chemoprophylaxis, and decisions about use of vaccines. Newly identified adverse events associated with yellow fever vaccine have prompted enhanced surveillance after vaccination and careful scrutiny of appropriate indications for the vaccine.
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PMID:Recent Advances and New Challenges in Travel Medicine. 1185 57


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