Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The Expanded Program on Immunization was initiated by the World Health Organization in 1974. In 1984, the World Bank, the UN Development Program, the UN Children's Fund, the World Health Organization, and the Rockefeller Foundation formed the Task Force for Child Survival, which, along with private and voluntary groups mobilizes support for the Immunization Program. With collaboration from the US Centers for Disease Control, the World Health Organization has produced training materials for use in various countries and worked with the UN Childrens Fund, which has contributed new cold chain methods for the immunization program. The immunization program provided a building block for a health infrastructure in many countries. It collaborated with the Diarrheal Diseases Control Program to develop integrated training programs, with the Division of Family Health to develop a training module on child spacing, and with the Nutrition Program in introducing vitamin A and iodine supplementation. In 1974, fewer than 5% of children in developing countries were immunized; today 50% are reached with a 3rd dose of polio or diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccines. Immunization started slowly and then increased rapidly since the mid-1980s because the program's 1st objectives were to develop sound national plans and to train a core of competent managers in each country. Measles immunization coverage is low (37%) because the vaccination program is recent and the present vaccine cannot be given before the age of 9 months. Coverage of pregnant women for tetanus is even lower (19%). The number of immunizations could be increased if clinics would provide immunizations during acute care visits. Community mobilization and outside financial assistance are needed; full immunization of 1 child costs $10. The Expanded Program on Immunization hopes to achieve the eradication of polio by 2000 and the eradication of neonatal tetanus and 90% reduction in measles by 1995. Vaccines are being developed for yellow fever, hepatitis B, Japanese encephalitis B, rotavirus, typhoid, shigella, cholera, and leprosy, as well as a measles vaccine that can be given at 6 months. Primary care emphases will be on maternal and child nutrition, diarrheal disease control, birth spacing, and vitamin A and iodine supplementation. The Expanded Program on Immunization will focus on applied research, leaving basic research to be carried out by the Vaccine Development Program, the Basic Vaccinology Program, the Special Program of Research Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction, and the Diseases Control Program.
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PMID:Immunizing the children of the world: progress and prospects. 326 62

The evolution of viral vaccines from the time of Jennerian prophylaxis to today's recombinant technology has been a continuing story of success. From the relatively crude or "first generation" vaccines for smallpox, rabies, and yellow fever followed a second and third generation of improved or new viral vaccines. The application of techniques for attenuating, inactivating, and partially purifying candidate viruses yielded safe, effective vaccines against influenza, poliomyelitis, measles, mumps, and rubella. With the advent of effective national immunization programs in the United States and other areas of the world to promote wide scale use of these vaccines, we have seen a dramatic decrease in incidence of the viral infections of childhood. The new biotechnology serves as the cornerstone for a fourth generation of vaccines and has already provided a licensed recombinant yeast human hepatitis B vaccine. The prospects for a wide spectrum of new or improved vaccines are highly encouraging, not only because of the recent technical advances but also because vaccine development has been recognized as a priority area of research. Under the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases' Program for Accelerated Development of New Vaccines, support is being provided for developmental vaccine studies with hepatitis A and B, influenza A and B, rabies, rotavirus, varicella, and respiratory syncytial virus (53). The outlook for antivirals is equally optimistic. The same technologies that have provided greater insight into the genetics and molecular biology of viruses and hence the means to fashion subunit or even synthetic vaccines have yielded data that can be applied to successful development of targeted antiviral compounds.
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PMID:Viral vaccines and antivirals: current use and future prospects. 328 31

Animal virology has made outstanding contributions to preventive medicine by the development of vaccines for the control of infectious disease in man and animals. Cost-benefit analysis indicates substantial savings in health care costs from the control of diseases such as smallpox, poliomyelitis, yellow fever and measels. Areas for further development include vaccines for influenza (living, attenuated virus), the herpes group (varicella: cytomegalovirus), respiratory syncytial virus, rotavirus and hepatitis A, B, and non A/non B. The general options for vaccine formulation are discussed with particular emphasis on approaches with the use of viral genetics to 'tailor make' vaccine viruses with defined growth potential in laboratory systems, low pathogenicity, and defined antigens. Current progress with the development of an inactivated hepatitis B vaccine is reviewed as a case study in vaccine development. The impact of recent experiments in cloning hepatitis B virus DNA in E. coli on the production of a purified viral polypeptide vaccine is assessed.
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PMID:Prospects for new viral vaccines. 610 50

The interactions of HB vaccine with other vaccines was studied according to a plan of simultaneous injections on animals in order to ascertain if it would be possible to include HB vaccine in the expanded programmes of vaccination in children in Africa. Investigations were made to discover if the immunogenicity of each vaccine, injected simultaneously with the Hepatitis B vaccine, was at least equal to its immunogenicity when injected alone. The vaccines studied in association with Hepatitis B were: BCG, DPT-Polio or DPT Measles, and Yellow Fever Vaccines.
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PMID:Association of hepatitis B vaccine with other vaccines--laboratory animals study. 622 76

In a sero-epidemiological study, clinically healthy persons from a rural area of Zaire were tested for antibodies against hepatitis A, B and yellow fever. There was a high prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis A-virus in early life: 90% of all children at the age of ten had antibodies in their sera. Similarly up to the age of 19 years almost 90% of all persons investigated were positive for hepatitis B (anti-HBc). The incidence of the hepatitis B-surface antigen in all ages was high. According to the method used, it totalled to 21% (capillary blood) or 32% (serum specimens). All these persons were asymptomatic HBsAg carriers. A carrier-rate of 20-30% is extremely high; it has been reported only in a few studies in tropical countries. 138 serum specimens from all age groups were tested for antibodies to yellow fever virus; 59 of them (43,4%) were positive. None of these persons reported a history of yellow fever; evidently they had undergone subclinical infections. Our findings show that yellow fever still is endemic in Central Africa. It may be concluded that all persons visiting Central Africa should be vaccinated against hepatitis A (passive prophylaxis), yellow fever and, if possible, against hepatitis B.
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PMID:[Epidemiology of hepatitis A and B and yellow fever in Zaire]. 633 10

This review discusses the indications for the routine immunizations covered by the Swiss "Immunization Schedule 1981" (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, poliomyelitis, measles, mumps, rubella, BCG), as well as the indications for special immunizations (hepatitis B, influenza, pneumococci, rabies, tickencephalitis) and for the immunisations for travellers (cholera, yellow fever, meningococci, typhoid fever). Vaccination against measles, mumps and rubella should be given to girls and boys at the age of 18 (to 24) months as a combined injection. In view of the low prevalence of tuberculosis BCG vaccination is justifiable only at school leaving age, if at all. The indications for influenza and pneumococcal vaccines are still limited, the value of a general vaccination of all over 65 year old individuals is not proven for either vaccine. A nationwide vaccination campaign against hepatitis B was started early this year with a newly licensed vaccine for all population groups at risk. Only HDC-vaccines should be used for immunisation against rabies. The newly licensed, highly protective oral attenuated live typhoid vaccine will probably replace the parenteral typhoid vaccine.
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PMID:[Vaccination: 1982 status]. 713 94

Previous studies have shown an absence of interaction between hepatitis B (HB) vaccine and other vaccines used in EPI programmes except for an apparent decrease of yellow fever antibody levels when hepatitis B and yellow fever vaccines are given simultaneously. We have therefore reinvestigated the interaction of these two vaccines and assessed the absence of interaction between inactivated polio vaccine and recombinant or plasma-derived HB vaccine. The immune responses to polio vaccine injected simultaneously with plasma-derived or recombinant HB vaccine were observed to be equivalent and similar to those observed in the literature. In this randomized study, the immune responses to yellow fever injected simultaneously with plasma-derived or recombinant HB vaccine were comparable to those observed after separate administration of each vaccine. Moreover, no increase in adverse reactions was noted.
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PMID:Simultaneous injection of plasma-derived or recombinant hepatitis B vaccines with yellow fever and killed polio vaccines. 759 69

Sera of patients suffering from acute hepatitis, and different forms of chronic hepatitis were found to be reactive to reagents prepared from the yellow fever virus (YF) vaccine strain. Serum samples of 1974 patients were tested, and 133 of them were positive. Hepatitis C virus specific antibodies were absent from the majority of them. The frequency of antibodies to other flaviviruses (tick-borne encephalitis, West Nile) and hepatitis B virus markers was similar to that measured among the population in Hungary positive for any of the surrogate markers of hepatitis infections. Results of both immunofluorescence tests, and Western blots suggest that there is a non-A, non-B, non-C hepatitis virus circulating among the Hungarian population, which possesses antigenic cross-reactivity with the yellow fever virus, but the identity to any of the known flaviviruses could not be verified yet. No history of yellow fever vaccination could be revealed in any of the patients included into this study. The anamnestic data on previous transfusions or surgical operations can be verified only in the case of the half of YFV-positive patients, nevertheless, the sexual transmission seems to be very infrequent. Attempts are continued in order to detect the viral RNA using polymerase chain reaction, and clone cDNA sequences for sequence analysis.
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PMID:Detection of transfusion-associated hepatitis caused by non-A, non-B, non-C flavivirus. 792 54

International travels are increasingly frequent. Beside malaria prophylaxis, the general practitioner will review several vaccinations.e Tetanus and poliomyelitis vaccines should be administered once every ten years. It will often be useful to give a protection against hepatitis A, and less often, against typhoid fever. The yellow fever vaccine, which may be required or recommended to visit several African and South American countries, is injected only by officially recognised centres. For some travels, vaccination against hepatitis B, meningococcal meningitis or, rarely, against rabies may be considered. The vaccine against cholera will never be administered, due to its lack of efficacy and high frequency of side effects. Travellers diarrhoea will be discussed, and a "pocket" treatment prescribed. Finally, general information will be provided, including those on STD.
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PMID:[Vaccinations and useful advice for travelers]. 793 82

In Ethiopia during 1960-1962, more than 100,000 people in the Omo and Didessa river valleys acquired yellow fever and 30,000 died. There have been no yellow fever cases since 1966. Some other aboviruses that arise sporadically are Jos virus, dengue fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, and group A arboviruses. By age 15, all people in surveyed regions were positive for hepatitis A virus. Prevalence of hepatitis B virus increases with age ( 75% of adults in urban areas and many rural areas). The frequency of carriers of hepatitis Bs antigen is greatest in areas where people practice ceremonial tattooing. During 1988-1989, 93% of jaundiced patients in a military camp in Ethiopia had antibodies to hepatitis E virus as a result of a waterborne outbreak. Other hepatitis viruses in Ethiopia are delta and C viruses. All 3 serotypes of poliovirus exist, especially type III. 93% of 1-year-olds have already acquired immunity to it. Peak frequency of onset among paralytic cases is 2 cases. Measles epidemics are common in children. An outbreak in southwestern Ethiopia had a mortality rate of 20%. Immunity to rubella is around 85% for 14-year-olds. It increases with age. Rotavirus causes diarrhea in many children, especially among 7-12 month old infants and in June and November. Most children have been exposed to Epstein-Barr virus, which is responsible for mononucleosis and maybe for Burkitt's lymphoma. Officials do not conduct ongoing surveillance of influenza in Ethiopia. Influenza epidemics have occurred in 1957 and 1963. Rabies is endemic, with dogs being responsible for most cases. In November 1992, there were 3978 AIDS cases. 75% are less than 40 years old, with males more likely to be HIV infected than females. The Falashas of northwest Ethiopia have the world's second highest endemic rate of human T cell leukemia virus-1. Officials do not know the extent of viral diseases because there is no well organized national laboratory. One is needed to conduct surveillance and to evaluate the effectiveness of vaccination activities.
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PMID:Viral diseases in Ethiopia: a review. 818 57


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