Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has an etiological role in post-transfusional Non-A Non-B Hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatoma. Studies have revealed an high prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies in hemophiliacs, IV drug users, and other groups at risk for parenterally transmitted infections. The authors report findings from their investigation into the sexual transmission of HCV. The prevalences of antibodies to HCV, the hepatitis B core (HBc) antigen, and to Treponema pallidum were assessed among groups of individuals at high and low risk for sexually transmitted diseases (STD). The population at low risk for STDs was comprised of 2494 volunteer blood donors at the Hospital Universitario Clementino Fraga Filho (HUCFF) over the period July-November 1990. The population at high risk for STDs was comprised of 187 adults consecutively enrolled between September 1990 and January 1991 in a cohort study of the natural history of HIV infection. Sera were screened with a first generation HCV ELISA test, with repeat reactive samples further analyzed using a second generation recombinant immunoblot confirmatory test (RIBA-2). Data on the presence of antibodies to HBc, VRDL, and HIV were abstracted from the Blood Bank records. Antibody testing against Treponema pallidum was conducted among HCV-ELISA positive blood donors and their controls using FTA-ABs. 2.08% of blood donors were infected with HCV, 7.96% of the HIV-infected homosexuals, and 8.02% of the whole group with sexually acquired HIV infection. Anti-HBc antibodies were more frequently present in anti-HCV RIBA-2 confirmed positive blood donors than in controls. 33.3% of the HCV-positive blood donors and 11.04% of controls were found to be anti-HBc positive. 17.6% of HCV-positive donors and 4.9% of controls yielded positive FTA-ABs results. 5.9% of samples from blood donors were both anti-HBc and FTA-ABs positive, while none of the controls reacted in both tests. The association between HCV, hepatitis B infection, and syphilis in individuals at low risk for parenterally transmitted diseases suggests that sexual transmission contributes to the maintenance of the endemicity of HCV in the local population.
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PMID:Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus in populations at low and high risk for sexually transmitted diseases in Rio de Janeiro. 750 22

The seroprevalence of antibody against hepatitis C virus (HCV) was assessed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 110 heterosexually transmitted diseases (STDs), 98 heterosexuals with multiple partners, and 107 blood donors. The serum samples were also tested for hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody against hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc). Of the patients with STDs 12.7% (13/110) were anti-HCV antibody positive; of heterosexuals with multiple sexual partners, 4.1% (4/98) positive; of blood donors, 1.87% (2/107) positive. Among the 18 cases of HCV infection, 3 were positive for HBsAg and 10 were positive for anti-HBc antibody. There was no relationship among HCV infection, sex and age in observed objects. From the present data, we can conclude that HCV infection should not be ignored in heterosexuals with multiple partners and patients with STDs, and the risk factor for HCV infection appeared to be associated with a history of STDs and with HBV infection.
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PMID:[Investigations on hepatitis C virus infection among heterosexuals with multiple partners and patients with sexually transmitted diseases]. 751 86

The Central African Republic is located in tropical Africa, where both the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) are highly endemic. The exact prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) markers in this country is unknown. The aim of the study was to determine, according to HIV and HBV serostatus, the prevalence of these markers in young sexually active adults in the Central African Republic. One hundred and fifty-seven consecutive patients attending the National Centre for Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Bangui were included. The following serological markers were examined: (i) anti-HIV1 and anti-HIV2 antibodies; (ii) markers of HBV infection; (iii) anti-HCV antibodies; (iv) anti-HEV antibodies. Anti-HIV1 antibodies were found in 31 of the 157 patients (20%). The prevalence of anti-HBc antibodies, reflecting exposure to HBV, was 140/157 (89%) and 45 had detectable anti-HBs antibodies. Twenty-two patients (14%) were chronic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), but only one was HBe antigen-positive. Anti-HCV antibodies were found in 8 persons (5%) and anti-HEV antibodies in 38 (24%). No difference was found in the prevalence of these markers according to the presence or absence of anti-HIV antibodies. This study confirms the high rate of HIV infection, HBV exposure and chronic carriage of HBsAg in sexually active young adults in the Central African Republic. A high prevalence of HCV markers was found in this population, similar to that reported in neighbouring countries, together with a high rate of HEV markers, suggesting that HEV is endemic in this region.
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PMID:High prevalence of hepatitis B, C, and E markers in young sexually active adults from the Central African Republic. 756 2

Reporting of hepatitis B is not compulsory in France, but it is estimated that 8500-9000 acute cases and 100,000 hepatitis B infections occur every year. Seroprevalence studies have been carried out in selected populations. Every blood donation is screened for HBsAg, alanine aminotransferase elevation and anti-HBc antibody. Prevalence of HBsAg has declined from 13.9 positive donations in 1986 per 10,000 to 5.3 in 1991. In pregnant women, overall seroprevalence is estimated at 0.8-1%, which represents more than 5000 children born each year to carrier mothers. Screening of HBsAg for all women when six months pregnant is now compulsory. Heterosexual patients at STD clinics were shown to have a very high risk of being infected with hepatitis B virus, with a chronic carrier rate of 4-5%. In hospital employees before the introduction of vaccination, the overall incidence of hepatitis B was 100-300 acute cases per 100,000 employees per year. Risk varied according to exposure to blood; the highest incidence was found in nurses in dialysis wards. Vaccination against hepatitis B is now compulsory for all hospital and laboratory workers and medical and paramedical students. In preventive medicine consultants, routine medical check-up showed an overall HBV prevalence of 2.2% and a carrier rate of 0.3% in men and 0.1% in women. Immunization of all newborns and adolescents has recently been adopted in France, vaccination at school of adolescents aged 10-11 years being the main target.
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PMID:Incidence and prevalence of hepatitis B in France. 757 22

The efficacy of a vaccine is based primarily on the adherence of the subject to the immunization schedule. This paper compares the compliance rates (CR) for the third dose of hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine given according to one of two vaccination schedules among subjects attending two sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics, and the potential influence of place of vaccine administration (STD clinic or at a vaccination centre). Heterosexual, anti-HBc seronegative subjects (n = 331) were randomized to a 0-1-6 month (n = 161) or a 0-1-2-12 month schedule (n = 170) in this prospective, randomized, parallel pragmatic study. Some subjects (n = 50) attended and were vaccinated at one STD clinic (centre A), whereas 281 attended another clinic (centre B) but were referred to a vaccination centre for administration of vaccine. About 31% (103/331) of the subjects received at least three vaccine doses. On assessing the CR at the 3rd dose in all randomized subjects, we observed that administration of the vaccine at the STD clinic attended (A) was associated with a significantly better CR (p < 0.01) than that of the subjects referred to a vaccination centre (B), while the CR is not affected by the schedule. On the other hand, the 0-1-2-12 schedule was associated with a significantly better CR (p = 0.02) at the 3rd dose than the 0-1-6 month schedule among subjects who comply with the first two doses; the actual site of vaccine administration (in situ (A) versus referred (B)) does not affect the CR.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Compliance with immunization against hepatitis B. A pragmatic study in sexually transmitted disease clinics. 762 10

To investigate the epidemiology of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection among injecting drug users, the authors assessed the prevalence of HBV seromarkers among 2,558 injecting drug users recruited through street outreach in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1988-1989. Eighty percent of the drug users had at least one HBV seromarker. HBV seropositivity was associated with increasing age, duration of injecting drug use, African-American ethnicity, injecting drugs at least once daily, and sharing needles or visiting "shooting galleries" during the previous 11 years, but not with high-risk sexual behaviors or a history of sexually transmitted disease. This finding is possibly due to the relative inefficiency of sexual transmission as compared with parenteral transmission in injecting drug users. In addition, HBV seropositivity was strongly associated with seropositivity for hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus. The authors conclude that HBV transmission among injecting drug users occurs primarily through the sharing of contaminated drug injecting equipment rather than through sexual relations, and that efforts to prevent HBV infection must target injecting drug users early in their injecting careers.
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PMID:Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus in a population of injecting drug users. Association with drug injection patterns. 763 37

Occupational indications for hepatitis B vaccine include employment in health care services, public safety organizations (e.g., police force) and institutions for the developmentally disabled. Hepatitis B vaccine should also be given to persons having multiple sexual partners, persons abusing injectable drugs, persons receiving hemodialysis and persons recently found to have a sexually transmitted disease. Unimmunized adults should receive enhanced inactivated polio vaccine, not oral polio vaccine. Office procedures that facilitate immunizations include the provision of educational information to patients, standing orders to allow nursing personnel to administer vaccines and feedback to physicians about immunization status and rates.
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PMID:Adult immunizations--a practical approach for clinicians: Part II. 770 80

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-I) status was assessed in 994 patients attending a sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic in Kingston, Jamaica, between November 1990 and January 1991 for a new STD complaint. Of 515 heterosexual men, 36 (7.0%) were HTLV-I seropositive, as were 38 (7.9%) of 479 women. HTLV-I seroprevalence increased with age in women. A history of blood transfusion was associated with HTLV-I in both sexes, significantly so in men [odds ratio (OR) 4.7, confidence interval (CI) 1.1-17 for men; OR 1.9, CI 0.6-5.0 for women]. Further analysis excluded all persons reporting a transfusion. On multiple logistic regression analysis, independent associations with HTLV-I infection in men were shown for marital status (OR 3.5, CI 1.2-10 for married/common law vs. single/visiting unions), agricultural occupation (OR 9.0, CI 2.0-41), bruising during sex (OR 2.9, CI 1.0-8.1), > or = 15 years at first sexual intercourse (OR 2.9, CI 1.0-8.2), and a positive test for hepatitis B surface antigen (OR 7.3, CI 1.2-52). In women, associations were shown for two or more sex partners in the 4 weeks prior to complaint (OR 4.9, CI 1.8-13), 11 or more lifetime sexual partners (OR 5.9, CI 1.3-27), aged < 15 years at first sexual intercourse (OR 2.3, 1.0-5.4), bruising during sex (OR 2.7, CI 1.1-6.6), microhaemagglutination-Treponema pallidum positivity (OR 3.6, CI 1.6-8.4), and human immunodeficiency virus infection (OR 14, CI 2.1-92).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Risk factors for HTLV-I among heterosexual STD clinic attenders. 771 38

The objective was to evaluate an integrated family planning clinic (FPC) established by genitourinary medicine (GUM) staff held within a GUM women-only clinic at the John Hunter Clinic, London. A retrospective case note review of women attending the FPC during the first year January-December 1992 was performed. Data were extracted on: prior STDs, parity and pregnancies terminated; screening for STDs, serology and cervical cytology; contraception on first attendance, that supplied, and outcome over the subsequent year 1993. 113 women, 13-41 years old, attended the FPC. 45 were new attenders, 6 had previously tested antibody positive for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 7 were intravenous drug users; 61 (54%) had a history of sexually transmitted disease (STD); 20 (17.7%) were using no contraception; 37 (32.7%) had previous termination of pregnancy (TOP) with 70 TOPs in total. Within 3 months of FPC attendance, 89 (78.8%) women had genital STD screening performed; syphilis, HIV and hepatitis B serology, together with cervical cytology were performed in 77, 18, 13, and 62 women, respectively. Infections identified were similar to those identified in the GUM clinic, although the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in diagnosed infections was commoner in FPC attenders and epidemiological treatment commoner in GUM attenders. No high grade cytology abnormalities were detected. No positive syphilis or new HIV-positive results were identified; 5 women were found to be hepatitis B surface antibody positive. Contraception was changed in 60.8%. Most frequently supplied was the combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP). At the first FPC attendance 6 women required post coital contraception (PCC) and 5 were already pregnant: 3 suspected it, and 2 were unaware. During the year 3 women conceived; 2 used COCP, but were noncompliant; 1 used a diaphragm with unclear compliance. 7 of the 8 pregnancies were terminated. Over the following year, 1992-93, contraception was supplied to 42 women (37.2%); 4 required PCC; and 2 intentional pregnancies occurred. Only 1 of the TOP women returned. Continuation of the project is deemed essential.
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PMID:Evaluating a designated family planning clinic within a genitourinary medicine clinic. 749 63

Patients were assigned to one of two vaccine schedules to assess the feasibility of vaccinating a sexually transmitted disease clinic population against hepatitis B virus. Of 1386 patients entering an inner-city clinic between June and July 1990, 611 (44%) accepted a first dose of vaccine. Twenty-one percent of all susceptible patients received at least two doses of vaccine. Annualizing these findings shows that an ongoing program could prevent 636 hepatitis B virus infections per year. Although a significant proportion of sexually transmitted disease clinic patients can be successfully vaccinated, strategies for preventing hepatitis B virus infections in this high-risk population must consider patient behavior as well as vaccine efficacy.
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PMID:Routine hepatitis B vaccination in a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases. 776 23


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