Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) occurs most commonly in homosexual men. This group carries the greatest risk of transmitting AIDS by blood transfusion. Both promiscuous and nonpromiscuous male homosexuals should refrain from giving blood. A leaflet stating this advice was prepared by the Department of Health and Social Security, United Kingdom. In July 1984 a questionnaire was given to all donors attending a blood donor clinic in the west end of London, England. 53% were male. Donors were given a leaflet on AIDS and a questionnaire to complete in private. Those who considered themselves to be in a high risk group were asked to designate their blood for research purposes only. Serum samples from donors who confirmed that they were in the high risk category were tested for antihepatitis B core antigen and anti-human T lymphotropic virus type III (anti-HTLV-III) in addition to the routine screening of donors for hepatitis B surface antigen and syphilis. All high risk donors were men. Homosexuality was the only high risk factor. Of 5000 questionnaires administered between July and October, 614 were not completed or had ambiguous answers. 38 donors who completed the questionnaire beonged to a high risk group. Of these, 7 were positive for antihepatitis B core antigen; none were positive for anti-HTLV-III, T pallidum hemagglatination, or hepatits B surface antigen. Although the homosexual donors had a much lower incidence of sexually transmitted disease than those attending special clinics, this should not encourage complacency. All possible measures must be taken to prevent homosexuals from donating blood.
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PMID:Blood donors at high risk of transmitting the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. 391 39

Numerous sexually transmitted diseases--syphilis, gonococcal infections, group B beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection, chlamydial infections, mycoplasmas, herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus infections, hepatitis B viral infections, fungal infection, trichomonas vaginalis, condylomata acuminata, and scabies--are of concern when they occur during pregnancy, either because of their potential adverse effects on the fetus or the chance of a modified reaction in the pregnant woman. This article discusses each of these venereal diseases in turn, providing information on diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. Pregnancy appears to have a benign effect on syphilis in the mother, but the fetus is likely to suffer from abortion, intrauterine death, intrauterine growth retardation, and congenital syphilis, underscoring the need for serologic testing of symptomatic pregnant women and treatment with penicillin. Neisseria gonorrhoea, still a prevalent sexually transmitted disease among women of childbearing age, is of considerable seriousness during pregnancy due to the risk of contamination of the newborn during passage through the birth canal. Infants delivered of women infected with chlamydia may develop a neonatal inclusion conjunctivitis, nasopharygitis, otitis media, or an afebrile pneumonia syndrome.
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PMID:Sexually transmitted diseases in pregnancy. 629 53

In a homosexual communication centre in Antwerp 196 homosexual men were screened for seromarkers of syphilis, hepatitis A (HAV), hepatitis B (HBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV). A comparison group consisted of 118 heterosexual men attending a venereal disease clinic in Antwerp. Treponemal antibodies were found in 7.1% of homosexual men, of whom half gave no history of past or present infection. Anti HAV was present in 43.3%, HBV seromarkers in 34.4%, and CMV antibodies in 71.2% of homosexual men. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was detected in eight homosexual men, but not in the heterosexual control group. Prevalence rates of infections other than HAV were significantly higher in homosexual men than in heterosexual men. Answers to a questionnaire were used to evaluate risk factors for different diseases, which were: duration of active homosexuality for all infections, promiscuity (greater than or equal to 10 partners in the past six months) for syphilis and hepatitis B, and anal intercourse for hepatitis B. Visiting saunas and travelling for sexual contacts also indicated a higher risk for STD, but were an indirect expression of promiscuity.
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PMID:Syphilis, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and cytomegalovirus infection in homosexual men in Antwerp. 632 Sep 48

100 patients with acute viral hepatitis were examined. In 10 of these the infection was found to be associated with homosexual activity and in 7 with promiscuity. Sexual intercourse was a likely cause of infection in 61% of all men aged from 20-40 years who had contracted hepatitis B by a non-parenteral route. Of these patients, 8 had acute syphilis and 2 had acute gonorrhea along with their hepatitis. The clinical course of the hepatitis was more severe in the group of syphilitic patients than in the controls. These observations indicate that simultaneous venereal disease influences the incidence and course of acute viral hepatitis.
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PMID:[Acute virus hepatitis and venereal infection (author's transl)]. 679 27

One thousand consecutive sera from individual patients attending the Christchurch venereal disease clinic were examined for hepatitis B surface antibody (anti HBs) and antigen (HBsAg). There were 682 males and 318 females. 182 (18.2 percent) were anti HBs positive, 126 (18.5 percent) males and 56 (17.6 percent) females. 18 (1.8 percent) were HBsAg positive, 14 (2.1 percent) males and four (1.3 percent) females. The risks of clinic staff contracting hepatitis are discussed.
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PMID:Hepatitis B serology in 1000 VD clinic attenders. 679 13

In industrialized western nations where sexual contact is a predominant mechanism of transmitting hepatitis B, benefit:cost models can be developed to indicate when testing of immunity (for susceptibility) would be worthwhile in order to target immunization to high-risk groups and extend the supplies of vaccine. Promiscuous male homosexuals illustrate one end of the spectrum in priority for immunization and screening tests. They are at high risk and at least 50% will be found seropositive for a marker of prior infection and thus do not need immunization. At the other end of the spectrum are populations of typical volunteer blood donors with neither sufficient risk to justify immunization nor a high enough prevalence of seropositive individuals ( less than 10%) to justify screening. An intermediate group, requiring screening tests for selective immunization, would be promiscuous heterosexuals attending venereal disease clinics. Aggressive immunization of sexually promiscuous adults will have major impact in western nations, whereas the newborn must remain the focus of immunization progrmas in areas of the world where hepatitis B virus is endemic.
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PMID:Strategies for prevention of hepatitis B as a sexually transmitted disease. 680 42

A randomized, double-blind, vaccine/placebo trial of the Merck 20-micrograms hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine was done among 1402 homosexual men attending venereal disease clinics in five American cities. Vaccination was followed by only minimal side effects. Two doses of vaccine induced antibody in 80% of vaccine recipients. A booster dose 6 months after the first dose induced antibody in 85% of recipients and markedly increased the proportion of recipients who produced high antibody titers. The incidence of HBV events was markedly less in the vaccine recipients compared to that in the placebo recipients (p = 0.0004). Between month 3 and 15 after the first dose, 56 more significant HBV events (hepatitis, or hepatitis B surface antigen positive, or both) occurred in the placebo group while only 11 occurred in the vaccine group. Ten of the 11 HBV events in the vaccine recipients occurred in hypo- or nonresponders to the vaccine. This vaccine appears to be safe, immunogenic, and efficacious in preventing infection with hepatitis B virus.
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PMID:The prevention of hepatitis B with vaccine. Report of the centers for disease control multi-center efficacy trial among homosexual men. 681 Jul 36

In the present survey 3 groups of patients were studied: 95 homosexual males, 117 heterosexual males and 68 females attending clinics for venereal diseases in Copenhagen. 10 cases of hepatitis B infection were found, all in homosexual males. Chronic carriership of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and presence of hepatitis B e-antigen (HBeAg) was demonstrated in 8 and 5 cases, respectively and liver biopsy showed chronic liver disease in 5 out of the 8 former. The prevalence rate of hepatitis B antibody was significantly higher in all patient groups than in the general population in the area. Two patients had non-B hepatitis, 1 homosexual male and 1 female, but the prevalence rate of hepatitis A antibody (anti-HAV) was not increased in the venereal clinic population. The serological tests identified certain high risk groups regarding hepatitis B infection: (1) homosexual males > 25 years with anti-HAV and a high promiscuity; and (2) heterosexual males and females > 25 years with a past history of venereal disease and clinical hepatitis. The data are compatible with the hypothesis that sexual transmission plays an important role in the spread of hepatitis B infection. It is recommended that routine serological tests for hepatitis be taken in the high risk groups of venereal clinic populations.
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PMID:Viral hepatitis in a venereal clinic population. Relation to certain risk factors. 700 57

Of 3,816 homosexual men examined in five sexually transmitted disease clinics in the United States, 6.1% had hepatitis B surface antigen, 52.4% had antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen, and 3.0% of the men who had no other indicator of infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) had antibody to hepatitis B core antigen. The rate of seropositivity for HBV indicated by the presence of one or more of these serologic markers was 61.5%; seropositivity was significantly related to the duration of regular homosexual activity and to the number of nonsteady male sexual contacts in the four months before the patients were interviewed. Anal-genital intercourse, oral-anal intercourse, and rectal douching were significantly related to evidence of HBV infection, but oral-oral contact and oral-genital contact were not. Trauma to the rectal mucosa is a feature common to the practices that were significantly related to seropositivity for HBV.
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PMID:Hepatitis B in homosexual men: prevalence of infection and factors related to transmission. 708 6

We studied 33 episodes of acute viral hepatitis in homosexual men to determine the type of hepatitis seen in this population. Seventy percent were caused by type A hepatitis, and 30% by type B hepatitis. None were due to non-A, non-B hepatitis. A high proportion of patients presenting with either type of acute hepatitis had evidence of previous infection with the other type: Seventy percent of patients with type B hepatitis had previous infection with type A, and 74% of patients with type A hepatitis had previous infection with type B. This study shows that, in homosexual men, hepatitis A, like hepatitis B, is a sexually transmitted disease.
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PMID:Viral hepatitis in homosexual men. 725 Jun 41


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