Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Of 693,000 volunteer blood donors in Washington, D.C., who were screened for infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) from July 1985 through December 1988, 284 tested positive on both enzyme immunoassay and Western blot assay. To determine the clinical importance of confirmed positive test results in asymptomatic blood donors, we followed 156 donors with positive Western blot assays and 80 donors with positive enzyme immunoassays but negative or indeterminate Western blots at 6-month intervals for a mean of 28 months. As compared with Western blot-negative persons, those with positive Western blots were significantly more likely to be black, male, and first-time donors and to have a history of venereal disease, generalized lymphadenopathy on examination, CD4-cell counts lower than 0.4 x 10(9) per liter, IgG levels higher than 18 g per liter, and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen on initial evaluation. In 17 (11 percent) of the Western blot-positive donors, the disease progressed to Class IV (symptomatic disease), according to the Centers for Disease Control system. CD4 counts below 0.2 x 10(9) per liter, IgA levels above 4 g per liter, abnormal proliferative responses to tetanus toxoid, and positive viral cultures were the strongest predictors of disease progression. Among the 80 donors with repeatedly reactive assay results but either negative or indeterminate Western blot assays, there was no evidence of HIV exposure in their histories, physical examinations, or laboratory evaluations, and manifestations of HIV infection developed in none of them. We conclude that a small number of persons with HIV infection continue to donate blood, despite attempts to exclude them, but that donors who test positive on enzyme immunoassay but persistently negative or indeterminate on Western blot assay probably do not represent a risk for the transmission of HIV.
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PMID:Clinical implications of positive tests for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in asymptomatic blood donors. 257 Oct 84

Perinatal infection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) from an infected asymptomatic woman to her offspring is now a preventable disease. A chart review was undertaken to document the prevalence of asymptomatic HBV infection in a high-risk, predominantly minority, indigent, and immigrant family practice clinic population and to evaluate the frequency of accepted known risk factors for those subjects with positive hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) screening tests. Records for 464 pregnant women entering the prenatal program between January 1, 1983, and April 30, 1987, were reviewed. Twenty-three (5.3%) were found positive for the HBsAG, all were asymptomatic. Results of a logistic regression on multiple risk factors for HBV infection revealed that ethnicity was the sole predictor of a positive HBsAg screening test, with 13% of the Asian patients and 1% of the Latino subjects positive for HBsAg. Other historical factors such as previous sexually transmitted disease and past history of transfusion were not predictive. These results reaffirm that a screening program for asymptomatic HBV infection in selected prenatal populations can identify a significant number of infants at risk for risk for perinatal infection.
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PMID:Prevalence of hepatitis B in an indigent, multi-ethnic community clinic prenatal population. 232 89

Hepatitis B is an important sexually transmitted disease. The availability of a safe and effective vaccine has unfortunately had little impact on controlling this disease nationwide or in North Carolina, chiefly because target groups have proven difficult to reach. Both HAV and NANB can be transmitted sexually, but are much less important than HBV.
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PMID:Viral hepatitis. An important sexually transmitted disease. 271 Feb 26

The prevalence of antibody to HTLV-III has increased from 3.7% (4/107) amongst unselected British homosexual men attending a London sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic during one week in March, 1982, to 21% (26/124) in those attending during one week in July, 1984. Seropositive men had a significantly higher prevalence of infection with hepatitis B virus than did seronegative men. 82% (27/33) of the seropositive men in 1984 were symptomless or had only local genito-urinary symptoms referable to the STD for which they were attending. The evidence suggests that HTLV-III was initially an imported but is now an endemic sexually transmitted agent. As of July, 1984, at least 2600 homosexual men in London would probably have been infected.
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PMID:Rising prevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III) infection in homosexual men in London. 286 Apr 54

17 Caucasian patients with aquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) contracted after long stays in Africa are reported. All 17 patients had previously been healthy; AIDS was diagnosed in them in France after July, 1983, except in 2 patients who were admitted to hospital before 1981. AIDS was diagnosed according to the Centers for Disease Control criteria--severe opportunistic infection or Kaposi's sarcoma. After 1983 every patient was given a questionnaire about where he or she had travelled in Africa, his or her profession, previous venereal disease or malaria, and sexual activity. It seems likely that these patients contracted HIV infection in Central Africa. The picture of the disease was similar to that in patients in other AIDS risk groups. Malaria was the only parasitic disease found in 2 of the patients, and there was no evidence of correlation between hepatitis B and AIDS in these patients. No patient was a hemophiliac or an intravenous-drug abuser, and only 1 patient had received a blood transfusion. Injections in Africa do not appear to be involved in the transmission of AIDS; in these patients, injections were carried out with sterile equipment. The study confirms that prostitutes constitute a reservoir of HIV, particularly in Central Africa, and suggest that the virus will continue to spread through heterosexual contacts. Public health programs are urgently needed to limit sexual contacts with people at risk of transmitting AIDS in Africa and to promote the use of condoms.
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PMID:Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome after travelling in Africa: an epidemiological study in seventeen Caucasian patients. 288 Nov 42

Antibody to human T lymphotropic virus type III (anti-HTLV-III) was sought in 2150 patients in three groups at risk with a radioimmunoassay and an immunofluorescence test. Results by the two methods were closely concordant. Anti-HTLV-III was already present in some British homosexuals in 1980 and in some British haemophiliacs in 1981, and since then its prevalence has increased. Of homosexual patients needing laboratory tests for hepatitis B virus infection in 1984, 34% of 282 in London and 5% of 955 in five centres outside London were positive for anti-HTLV-III. Of haemophiliacs sampled in 1984, 38% of 81 were anti-HTLV-III positive. Most of the seropositive haemophiliacs were regular recipients of commercial factor VIII concentrates. Few British intravenous drug abusers sampled in 1984 (2.5% of 203) were positive for anti-HTLV-III. These results show that infection with HTLV-III has rapidly become widespread among homosexuals attending sexually transmitted disease clinics and among haemophiliacs receiving pooled blood products. Thus, while many anti-HTLV-III positive individuals may remain asymptomatic, there may soon be a considerable increase in the incidence of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome and related disease in Britain.
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PMID:Prevalence of antibody to human T lymphotropic virus type III by risk group and area, United Kingdom 1978-84. 298 70

The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has recommended screening pregnant women from high-risk populations for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). To assess the adequacy of the risk criteria, all women presenting for delivery to a large municipal hospital were screened. Sera from 5356 women were tested, and questionnaires designed to identify women at high risk were completed by 78% of these patients. Sixty-four women were found to be HBsAg seropositive (1.2%). If the CDC criteria had been applied for screening, 30 of the seropositive mothers (47%) would not have been identified. Women from some Latin American and Caribbean countries not recommended for screening were found to have a relatively high prevalence of hepatitis B infection. Reluctance to give a history of venereal disease or illicit drug use may be another factor in the failure of the CDC screening strategy. To achieve effective immunoprophylaxis of newborns, all pregnant women should be screened for HBsAg carriage.
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PMID:Failure of Centers for Disease Control criteria to identify hepatitis B infection in a large municipal obstetrical population. 303 86

AIDS in rural Africa seems to differ in its epidemiology from hepatitis B and appears to be spread predominantly by preexisting patterns of heterosexual activity responsible for high rates of other sexually transmitted diseases. The authors compared the seroepidemiologies of AIDS, hepatitis B, and syphilis at 2 rural hospitals in southwest Uganda. During August 1986, 3% of 357 outpatients, reflecting the age and sex composition of the general population, were anti-HIV positive. Anti-HIV seropositivity, both in the outpatients and among 36 suspected prostitutes and 14 suspected AIDS cases, was confined to individuals aged 20 or over. For men, seropositivity was associated with sexual contact with prostitutes (a risk factor for 61% of young men in the study). In the prostitute group, 25% were anti-HIV positive and 46% were positive on the Treponema pallidum hemagglutination (TPHA) test for syphilis. The risk factors for HIV, but not hepatitis B, were the same as for having a history of sexually transmitted disease (STD). However, there was, surprisingly, an association between a history of STD and seropositivity for hepatitis B virus but not for HIV infection. The geographical and age distributions of seropositivity for HIV and hepatitis B virus were also quite different. Finally, blood transfusions, scarification, and exposure to mosquitoes (as assessed by a history of malaria) were not evident risk factors for either HIV or hepatitis B virus.
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PMID:Risk factors for the spread of AIDS in rural Africa: evidence from a comparative seroepidemiological survey of AIDS, hepatitis B and syphilis in southwestern Uganda. 314 Aug 31

The hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis Delta virus (HDV) infection rates were estimated in patients attending a venereal disease outpatient clinic: 759 heterosexuals and 154 homosexual-bisexual men. The anti-HBc prevalence was higher in homo-bisexual men (68.8 per 100) than in heterosexuals (41.8 per 100), whereas HBsAg was roughly the same in the two groups (about 6 per 100). The anti-HBc prevalence rate among heterosexuals was higher than that estimated in hospital personnel from the same geographical area. A positive association between anti-HBc prevalence and present or past sexually transmitted diseases (STD) was found among homo-bisexual men. Anti-HBc was also positively associated with herpes simplex type 2 antibodies in both heterosexuals and homo-bisexual men. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that sexual behavior also plays a role in the spread of infection among heterosexuals. Ten of the 46 HBsAg-positive subjects were anti-HDV positive: 6 of the 36 heterosexuals and 4 of the 10 homosexuals. All HDV-positive subjects had present or past STDs. These findings suggest sexual transmission of HDV infection.
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PMID:Hepatitis B and Delta virus infection among heterosexuals, homosexuals and bisexual men. 320 31

Although recent data have supported the role of heterosexual activity in the transmission of hepatitis B virus infection in women, studies generating these data have enrolled few black women. We therefore examined black female participants attending our local health department's sexually transmitted disease clinic for the treatment of presumed uncomplicated gonorrhea in serologic and risk-factor surveys of hepatitis B virus infection. Twenty-four (17.6%) of 136 subjects tested had evidence of prior hepatitis B infection. Serologic evidence of hepatitis B infection was significantly associated with three different barometers of sexual activity that included: (1) years of sexual activity (P less than 0.005); (2) history of sexually transmitted disease (P less than 0.02); and (3) number of lifetime heterosexual partners (P less than 0.001). These data provide further support that the quantity of sexual exposure seems to be an important risk factor for hepatitis B infection in heterosexually active females.
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PMID:Risk factors for hepatitis B virus infection in black female attendees of a sexually transmitted disease clinic. 322 74


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