Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

While the prevalence of HIV-1 is increased in women attending sexually transmitted diseases (STD) clinics, in South Africa little is known about STD risk factors in women infected with HIV-1 in the general population. Serological markers of STDs were investigated in a cohort of 21 pregnant women, who were found to be carriers of HIV-1, and in 42 age- and residentially matched uninfected pregnant women. The rapid plasma reagin test (RPR) was positive in 33% of the HIV-1- infected women (P less than 0.05 compared with controls). The specific treponemal fluorescent antibody absorbed test (FTA-abs) was positive in 43% of the HIV-1-infected women (P less than 0.05 compared with controls). Similarly the prevalence of chlamydial IgG antibodies as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was 95% (P = 0.026 compared with controls). Markers of hepatitis B infection were similar to both groups. Pregnant women with HIV-1 infection in the Johannesburg area have an increased seroprevalence of markers of STDs and more data are required on the attitudes and sexual activity of these women in order to target AIDS and education information.
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PMID:Serological markers of sexually transmitted diseases associated with HIV-1 infection in pregnant black women. 188 53

A study among heterosexual men and women with multiple sexual partners was carried out to assess the seroprevalence of antibody against hepatitis C virus (HCV). The 468 participants were recruited among visitors to the Clinic for Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Amsterdam. Sera were tested by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; Ortho), a recombinant-based immunoblot assay (RIBA; Chiron), and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 468 persons were tested, and seven (1.5%) were found ELISA positive. Another 25 (5%) were ELISA indeterminate. Six of the seven ELISA-positive cases were RIBA positive. Further serum samples from five HCV ELISA-positive persons were tested by PCR, and four were found to be positive. The HCV ELISA-positive/RIBA-indeterminate reaction was PCR negative. None of the 17 RIBA-tested sera of the ELISA-indeterminate group yielded a positive result. There was a good correlation between an ELISA optical density/cut-off ratio greater than 2 and a positive RIBA result. The risk factor for HCV appeared to be the type of sexual partner, i.e., belonging to a "high-risk" group for human immunodeficiency virus infection and origin from hepatitis B-endemic countries. It is concluded that HCV may be transmitted through heterosexual contact but probably with low efficiency.
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PMID:Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infections among heterosexuals with multiple partners. 194 Aug 79

The prevalence of viral and bacterial sexually transmitted diseases were studied in 101 men attending a dermatovenereal outpatient clinic in Mogadishu. A control group of 103 healthy adult men were included for the serological part of the study. Serological markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) were studied. All sera were tested for syphilis markers. HBV serum markers were detected in 84% of the men in the study group and 66% of the healthy controls (P less than 0.005). Hepatitis B virus carriers were detected more frequently in the study group than among the controls. Also, 96% of the men in both groups had CMV antibodies and all of them had antibodies to HSV. No sera were found to contain HIV antibodies. The TPHA-positivity was 10% and 3% in the study and control groups respectively, and 5% of the patients had syphilis IgM antibodies. Sexual contact with prostitutes was recorded in 54% and 48% respectively of patients and controls, and such contact was correlated with TPHA-positivity in the study group. Chlamydia trachomatis antigen was detected in urogenital specimens of 14% of the men in the study group and gonococcal culture was positive in 53% of those with urethral discharge.
Int J STD AIDS 1990 Mar
PMID:Sexually transmitted diseases in men in Mogadishu, Somalia. 196 90

The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome epidemic has drawn attention to screening for sexually transmitted diseases by primary care physicians. A telephone survey of primary care physicians in an area with a high incidence of STDs (Washington, DC) to ascertain the determinants and the extent of screening and counseling for STDs was completed in 1987. Ninety-nine physicians (33 internists, 38 obstetrician/gynecologists, and 28 family/general practitioners), representing 61% of those eligible, completed the interview. One third (39.4%) were screening for gonorrhea, more than one half (57.5%) for syphilis, and almost all (94%) had tested at least one individual for human immunodeficiency virus infection. Analysis suggested that concomitant screening for hepatitis B was significantly and positively associated with screening for gonorrhea and syphilis. Less than half (45.9%) of the physicians asked new patients about their sexual practices. Physicians should take histories of sexual practices and do more preventive counseling.
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PMID:Screening for sexually transmitted diseases by primary care physicians. 200 May 14

This overview provides a discussion of the special concerns of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) for women, particularly because of its asymptomatic character; screening; primary prevention; e.g., abstinence, selection of sexual partners restriction of sexual activities, use of barriers (condoms, vaginal spermicides, diaphragm in conjunction with spermicides), and vaccines; and the role of the gynecologist in StD prevention. Gonorrhea and chlamydial infection are usually asymptomatic STD infections in women; long term sequelae are pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), infertility, and pregnancy complications. There is an increased risk of cervical cancer. Infection is lifelong for herpes simplex virus (HSV) and HIV and malingering for chronic hepatitis B (HPB). Genital human papillomavirus (HPV) and HSV infections cannot be identified serologically. The fetus can be fatally or severely affected by STDs. Abstinence is the only effective prevention for STDs. Likelihood of infection may be reduced by limiting partners, but how partners are chosen and knowledge of infection is a more important determinant. Partners need to be asked about current symptoms, history of STDs, multiple partners, and history of known STD partners, as well as past history of homosexual activity, intravenous drug use, hemophilia, and previous exposure to high-risk persons for STDs. Visible genital warts or lesions, wartlike growths, ulcers, or rash need explanations. Avoidance of oral anal and digital anal activity reduces transmission of hepatitis A, giardiasis, amebiasis, and shigellosis. Any mechanical barrier that remains intact should reduce the risk of STD; barriers specifically covering the cervix are excellent. Condom use is effective when used as follows: 1) at the onset of sexual activity, 2) without petroleum jelly or baby oil on latex, 3) with care of fingernails which may tear holes, 4) with complete withdrawal of the penis before complete detumescence, and 5) with a withdrawal hold at the base of the penis. Spermicides, such as nonoxynol 9, are effective against STDs. Diaphragm use with spermicide may be effective because of the spermicide. There is a reduced risk of transmission of HSV or HPV to a partner. Vaccines are only available for hepatitis B. Obstetrics and gynecology residency training in STDs in unavailable in 4 out of 5 medical schools, and gynecologists are ethically obligated to accurately inform about STD diagnosis, treatment, and diagnosis.
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PMID:Avoiding sexually transmitted diseases. 209 42

A total of 166 volunteers for an AIDS vaccine study (Vaxsyn, baculovirus produced recombinant GP160; MicroGeneSys Inc, West Haven, Connecticut, USA) were interviewed and examined. Blood was collected for routine laboratory testing as well as T-cell counts, HIV ELISA (EIA), Western blot (WB) and p24 Ag. Eighty-five men (mean age 22.2 years, range 18-42) and 81 women (mean age 23.9 years, range 17-50) volunteered; 130/166 (78%) were university students. Most had learned of the study from news media (55%), friends or workplace (37%). The most common causes for exclusion were the presence of indeterminate WB (26.5%) or a change of mind after the initial interview (24%). Other causes were abnormal cell count and differential (7.2%), elevated alanine aminotransferase (3.6%), positive hepatitis B antibody (3.6%), abnormal urinalysis (3.4%), recent venereal disease (3.0%), T4 cell count less than 400 (1.9%), abnormal chest X-ray (1.7%), recognized high-risk behaviour (1.7%), multiple sex partners (1.2%), positive rapid plasma reagin test (1.2%), failure to meet age criteria (1.2%), unable to be available for entire study (1.2%), abnormal physical examination (0.6%) and positive p24 Ag (0.6%). No volunteers had positive EIA, but 14.5% had more than one reason for exclusion. Even in a community with low prevalence for HIV, a large majority of healthy heterosexual volunteers can be expected to be ineligible for enrollment in HIV vaccine trials. An average of 4.8 volunteers were screened for each of 12 vaccinees chosen.
Int J STD AIDS 1990 Mar
PMID:Characteristics of a population volunteering for human immunodeficiency virus immunization. NIAID AIDS Clinical Trials Network. 209 87

Researchers enrolled 600 prostitutes from an AIDS control and prevention program in a study to determine the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in prostitutes and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The prostitutes worked in the port city of Santos, Brazil where many people use intravenous (IV) drugs. Only 45 prostitutes met the study criterion of 5-100 sexual partners/day. Health practitioners took sera from each woman to test for HIV-1, HIV-2, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody (HBsAb), Treponema species (syphilis), and C. trachomatis. All the women tested positive for C. trachomatis. This high percentage may have been due to previous contact with the microbe and not necessarily due to an active infection. 42% had been exposed to Treponema. 20% were HBsAb seropositive and 9% HBsAg seropositive. 9% tested positive for HIV-1 and 2% for HIV-2. In another study in Campinas, Brazil, HIV-1 and seropositivity was 21.5% for prostitutes and transvestites. In addition, in a study in metropolitan Sao Paulo, HIV infection prevalence varied from 18-73% among 935 women and 22% among prostitutes. 58% of the prostitutes in Santos had had sexual intercourse with bisexuals or IV drug users. 44% had previously experienced an STD. 42% used IV drugs. 42% practiced both oral and vaginal sex. 36% practiced oral, vaginal, and anal sex. Only 22% limited themselves to oral sex. Since C. trachomatis can cause infertility, chronic pelvic pain, and spontaneous abortion and since every prostitute in the study had been exposed to it, health workers should institute regular STD screening for prostitutes.
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PMID:Seropositivity to Chlamydia trachomatis in prostitutes: relationship to other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). 210 Oct 95

Three doses of hepatitis B vaccine were administered via an intradermal route to 316 health service staff. One month after the final dose, 89.9% of subjects had antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen at levels of 10 IU/l or greater. A programme of hepatitis B immunization based upon the intradermal route is substantially less expensive than one using an intramuscular technique, and can enable health authorities to provide protection for increased numbers of staff without diverting resources from other programmes of health care.
Int J STD AIDS 1990 Jan
PMID:Effectiveness of intradermal hepatitis B immunization of hospital staff. 215 64

Artificial insemination with donor semen has become a well established alternative for couples with untreatable male factor infertility. Because of the widespread use of donor insemination, and the increasing awareness and prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases, the American Fertility Society recently redrafted procedural guidelines for the use of donor screening for insemination. Our series of donor screenings is reported to emphasize the necessity of donor evaluations at frequent intervals. From June 1986 through August 1987, 48 healthy male volunteers presented as potential semen donors for our donor program. Each was evaluated with a careful medical history, physical examination and 2 semen analyses for evidence of sexually transmitted disease. On initial evaluation, no donor presented with a positive human immunodeficiency virus antibody, abnormal karyotype, elevated serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, rapid plasma reagent, or positive cultures for Chlamydia or Mycoplasma. One potential donor was excluded because of a positive hepatitis B-core antibody and 1 because of a positive IgM test for cytomegalovirus. At initial examination 3 potential donors had a positive culture for Ureaplasma; all 3 were treated with 3 weeks of tetracycline, and repeat cultures were all negative. Routine followup screening was performed on all donors at 3-month intervals for all sexually transmitted diseases. During this 14-month period cultures converted to positive for Ureaplasma in 4 donors. Furthermore, 1 donor at 6 months contracted gonorrhea. He was treated but no longer used as a donor. Since initiation of the outlined protocol more than 800 inseminations have been performed using fresh semen with no case of sexually transmitted diseases reported from our recipients. We conclude that careful sexual history, and frequent donor and semen evaluation are necessary for prevention of diseases that might be transmitted sexually. If these precautions are strictly observed use of donor semen is safe and effective.
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PMID:Artificial insemination with donor semen: the necessity of frequent donor screening. 215 44

STDs can be one of the most common antepartum complications in high-risk gravidas. Screening for gonorrhea, syphilis, HPV, and possibly hepatitis B and chlamydial infection, should be considered in most, if not all, pregnant women. Familiarity with the common clinical presentations and treatment of bacterial STDs will prevent untoward maternal and neonatal outcome. Recognition of viral STDs, followed by appropriate counseling and management, will avoid most neonatal viral infection.
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PMID:Sexually transmitted diseases in pregnancy. 218 50


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