Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Since morbidity of viral hepatitis B is increasing, the causes of diffusion of this infection have been studied. There are several routes of transmission and undoubtedly apparent non-parenteral routes have a great importance. In a study performed on 32 families of HBsAg carriers, familial aggregation of infection has been acquired through close personal contact. Transmission of infection from mother to infant may occur transplacentally for vertical transmission, or, after the birth, for horizontal transmission, so that a high percentage of children is infected. Percutaneous transmission of hepatitis B in families affected by scabies is evident. The presence of infectivity markers is of major importance for transmission of virus: these are HBeAg and specific DNA-polymerase activity of serum. Well, when the carrier exhibits the markers, the contacts are involved in the infection in a high percentage. From this point of view the carriers with chronic liver disease are more dangerous than the asymptomatic ones. The problem of carrier exists: nevertheless it is possible to carry out a better prophylaxis, if we take into account the presence of the infectivity markers.
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PMID:[Factors of contagiousness in the epidemiology of hepatitis type B (author's transl)]. 75 49

In 1989, the Royal New Zealand Medical Corps and the Health Department augmented their mass treatment program of yaws by also screening the population of Tanna Island in the archipelago nation of vanuatu for other skin infections. Health workers first visited the villages and informed leaders of the program. Radio broadcasts also informed the public. The teams reached about 90% (18,223 people from 288 villages) of the target population. They also treated other diseases and led a health education exchange on vector control, improvements in sanitation and the water supply, and immunization of children with each village. 16.5% of the population had only scabies. They tended to be younger than those with other skin infections (mean age 14.8 vs. 22.6 years; p .05). Children under 10 years old had the highest prevalence rate (20.6 for 5-9 years olds and 27.5% for 0-4 years olds). People who lived in the Middle Bush area had the highest prevalence rate of scabies (20.8%) as well as the lowest supply of water for washing. Health workers treated the people with benzoyl benzoate. 11.9% of people had other infections which included furuncles, abscesses, impetigo, and cellulitis. They were most likely staphylococcal and/or streptococcal infections. 9.7% had grade 2 lesions (mean age - 14.1% years) and 2.2% had grade 3 lesions (mean age = 13.5 years). Grade 2 infections were more common in the north (16.4%) and the southwest (16.8%) while grade 3 infections were most common in White Sands (7.1%). The high prevalence at White Sands may have been due to the irritating effects of the acidic rain created by the active nearby volcano. Skin infections were more common in crowded households (p .05). These skin infections were significant because they often transmit hepatitis B virus and have been associated with acute and chronic glomerulonephritis which is common in children in Vanuatu. Tanna Island must develop an extensive strategy to control skin infections.
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PMID:Skin infections in Tanna, Vanuatu in 1989. 150 13

This retrospective case review sought to report the findings of a health screening of 100 international adoptees. Included were the 1st 100 children who attended the Outpatient Inter-Country Adoption Clinic at the Royal Children's Hospital in Melbourne. A medical history was taken and a thorough physical examination and series of screening investigations were performed on all children. The children range in age from 2 months-16 years (median=5 months; mean=2.8 years). The countries most represented were Korea with 36 children and India with 21. 30 children fell below the 3rd Australian centile for both height and weight. Abnormalities on physical examination included hepatosplenomegaly (13 children), scabies (6), and severe dental caries (6). Parasitic infestation of the stools was found in 23 children, a positive Mantoux test result in 9 (3 with active tuberculosis), anemia in 12, elevated hepatic transaminase levels in 9, and positive hepatitis B surface antigen and e antigen in 2. I child had acquired syphilis. Screening for human immunodeficiency virus antibody gave negative results in all children. These international adoptees constitute a special pediatric subgroup which require assessment and screening as soon as possible after arrival in their adoptive country.
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PMID:Health screening of international adoptees. Evaluation of a hospital based clinic. 154 38

In 1985 there were approximately 8500 international adoptions in the United States, a phenomenon that has doubled in the past 5 years. The majority of these children originate from areas of the world where the hepatitis B virus is hyperendemic and where the prevalence of numerous other infectious diseases is higher than it is domestically. We consecutively screened 360 adopted Korean children for hepatitis B virus markers, syphilis serology, tuberculin status and the presence of parasitic infection. Ten hepatitis B virus carriers were identified (prevalence, 2.8%) as were two children with congenital syphilis and two with reactive tuberculin skin tests. Intestinal parasitosis was not evident but four cases of scabies were detected and were associated with prior residence in an orphanage. We conclude that even though the seroprevalence rate was lower than expected, providers responsible for the care of Korean adoptees should screen for the hepatitis B surface antigen carrier state, that susceptible household contacts of hepatitis B surface antigen-positive children should be protected with hepatitis B vaccine and that children treated abroad for congenital syphilis should be assessed for the adequacy of therapy.
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PMID:Selected infectious disease risks in international adoptees. 360 91

Over 8000 foreign-born children, almost all from third-world countries, are adopted by citizens of the United States each year. Most primary care practitioners do not have enough experience to evaluate and manage their problems efficiently. We reviewed the medical care of the foreign-born adoptees followed up in a single pediatric group practice. The 128 children arrived from one of eight countries in Asia or Latin America at ages ranging from 1 month to 10 years; 57% were female. The median duration of follow-up was 20 months. The most common problems identified included deficient immunizations (37%), intestinal parasites (29%), emotional or behavioral problems (22%), skin diseases (16%), estimated age (12%), scabies and/or lice (10%), and congenital anomales (10%). Twenty-one other classes of problems were identified, including developmental delay, lactose intolerance, vision and hearing deficits, and chronic hepatitis B carrier status. At arrival or within one month, 49% of the children had acute infectious diseases, including upper respiratory tract infection, otitis media, rubeola, varicella, and mumps. Nineteen percent of the children underwent surgical procedures ranging from circumcision to cleft lip-palate repair; 46% of these children were never screened for hepatitis B. Fourteen percent were hospitalized at least once, 5% within the first month after arrival. We developed a simple protocol to screen foreign-born adopted children, allowing rapid identification of treatable problems at the least cost and inconvenience to the family. Thirty-six percent of the families made at least one preadoption visit, permitting an explanation of the protocol and potential problems before the child's arrival.
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PMID:Medical problems of foreign-born adopted children. 381 12

Physicians treating adolescents should take a complete sexual history, including sexual orientation and practices, to determine whether their patients are homosexually active. Lesbians are at very low risk for sexually transmitted diseases, but they do have other health concerns. Four general groups of conditions may be encountered in homosexually active men: classical sexually transmitted diseases (gonorrhea, infections with Chlamydia trachomatis, syphilis, herpes simplex infections, genital warts, pubic lice, scabies); enteric diseases (infections with Shigella species, Campylobacter jejuni, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis non-A, non-B, and cytomegalovirus); trauma (fecal incontinence, hemorrhoids, anal fissure, foreign bodies, rectosigmoid tears, allergic proctitis, penile edema, chemical sinusitis, inhaled nitrite burns, and sexual assault of the male patient); and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Clinicians can assist homosexual teenagers by understanding their special health needs, by counseling them about safe sexual practices, and by accepting their relationships nonjudgmentally.
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PMID:Medical problems of the homosexual adolescent. 383 19

Numerous sexually transmitted diseases--syphilis, gonococcal infections, group B beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection, chlamydial infections, mycoplasmas, herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus infections, hepatitis B viral infections, fungal infection, trichomonas vaginalis, condylomata acuminata, and scabies--are of concern when they occur during pregnancy, either because of their potential adverse effects on the fetus or the chance of a modified reaction in the pregnant woman. This article discusses each of these venereal diseases in turn, providing information on diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. Pregnancy appears to have a benign effect on syphilis in the mother, but the fetus is likely to suffer from abortion, intrauterine death, intrauterine growth retardation, and congenital syphilis, underscoring the need for serologic testing of symptomatic pregnant women and treatment with penicillin. Neisseria gonorrhoea, still a prevalent sexually transmitted disease among women of childbearing age, is of considerable seriousness during pregnancy due to the risk of contamination of the newborn during passage through the birth canal. Infants delivered of women infected with chlamydia may develop a neonatal inclusion conjunctivitis, nasopharygitis, otitis media, or an afebrile pneumonia syndrome.
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PMID:Sexually transmitted diseases in pregnancy. 629 53

This article will review the 1993 STD Treatment Guidelines of particular importance to dermatologic clinical practice. Topics include STD/HIV prevention, management of sexual partners, STD in persons with HIV co-infection, genital ulcer disease (GUD) including syphilis, herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection, lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) and chancroid, therapy of nongonococcal (NGU) and chlamydial urethritis and cervicitis, gonococcal (GC) infections, HPV infection, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, pediculosis pubis, and scabies.
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PMID:The 1993 sexually transmitted disease treatment guidelines. 784 21

In this study, the risk profiles and epidemiologic interrelationships of 13 sexually transmitted diseases (STD) were studied in 12,170 men and 6,125 women attending the Adelaide STD Clinic in South Australia from 1988 to 1991. Fifteen independent variables for men and 19 independent variables for women were analyzed by multiple logistic regression. Risk profiles were depicted graphically from the odds ratios of independent associations with the factors studied. These profiles showed a marked influence of socioeconomic factors on the epidemiology of hepatitis B infection, syphilis, scabies (in contrast with the pattern for pediculosis pubis), gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis. The risk profiles for warts, herpes, and molluscum contagiosum are similar and contrast with those of gonorrhea and chlamydia. The vaginitides showed clear differences, with bacterial vaginosis being directly associated with and candidiasis inversely associated with variables relating to sexual activity. In women, gonorrhea was a strong predictor of chlamydial infection and women with gonorrhea had twice the rate of other STDs collectively, compared with women who did not have gonorrhea. However, most other associations between individual STDs and other STDs collectively were of an inverse nature, although several strong associations between individual STDs were found on univariate analysis.
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PMID:Risk profiles and epidemiologic interrelationships of sexually transmitted diseases. 851 5

Lichen ruber planus is considered a T-cell mediated immunologic reaction with unclear pathogenesis. Drugs and infections (especially hepatitis B and C) are well-known provocation factors. After an infection with scabies a 13 year old boy developed a generalized lichen planus including bullous lesions. For the first time scabies is presented as a trigger for lichen planus. In childhood, lichen planus is characterized by atypical clinical features and sometimes a severe course.
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PMID:[Scabies--provoked bullous lichen planus in a child]. 991 92


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