Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Two hundred Asian and 100 each of African, Chinese, and Scottish children were screened for intestinal parasitic infestations, salmonellosis, brucellosis, hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg), and tuberculosis. There was a fairly high incidence of Giardia lamblia among Asian and Scottish children and of Trichuris trichiura among the Chinese. Hookworm ova were seen only in Africa children. There were no chronic carriers of Salmonella or Brucella, and no one was suffering from salmonellosis or brucellosis. Tuberculin sensitivity was found in only 4% of immigrant and 1% of Scottish children: the difference was small and neither figure suggests a continuing high incidence of tuberculosis in Glasgow. Only seven immigrant children were found to be HBsAg carriers. Among the families of these carriers there was a high incidence (84%) of HBsAg or antibody (HBsAb). The survey shows that immigrant children in Glasgow do not constitute a health hazard to the indigenous population. Moreover, severe overcrowding is not a prominent feature among the immigrant families in Glasgow but is greatest among the local Scots.
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PMID:Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infestation, salmonellosis, brucellosis, tuberculosis, and hepatitis B among immigrant children in Glasgow. 84 67

Owing to the growing density of population, urbanization, and the use of all kinds of publicly accessible facilities, the interruption of the infection chain for air-borne diseases proves particularly inadequate if no efficient prophylactic inoculations are available to combat viral infections or if no efficient chemotherapeutical measures can be adopted against bacterial infections. Equally problematic is the struggle against salmonellosis associated with the mechanized mass production and distribution of foodstuffs as well as the forms of infectious hospitalism, especially hepatitis B, which are favoured by the technical advances in the medical field. Venereal diseases prove highly resistant because the human patterns of sexual behaviour are difficult to influence. Thus the infectious diseases caused by deficient hygiene have virtually disappeared in our country, while those diseases survive or occur which are capable of profiting from the sociological changes and the technical progress of civilisation. On the whole, the mortality rate has drastically dropped while morbidity has remained more or less the same (with, however, a change in the spectrum of the infectious diseases); this is due mainly to mass inoculation and specific therapy.
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PMID:[Notifiable and non-notifiable infectious diseases in the federal republic of germany (author's transl)]. 103 15

This working party was convened by the organizers of the World Congresses of Gastroenterology, Sydney 1990. Its remit was to produce a report on disinfection in endoscopy. Endoscopy plays an essential role in the management of gastrointestinal disorders; its benefits far outweigh the occasional complications which arise. Nevertheless, case reports and surveys performed over a 20-year period confirm that endoscopic procedures do occasionally cause cross-infection and the current epidemic with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has highlighted the potential for more serious disease transmission if suitable precautionary measures are not generally applied in endoscopy practice. Contaminated equipment may cause infection in three ways: transmission of pathogenic organisms from one patient to another, the commonest example being Salmonellosis; transmission of infection such as hepatitis B (HBV) from patient to staff by needle-stick injury; and introduction of opportunistic organisms which colonize endoscopic and ancillary equipment on storage. This may cause focal sepsis or septicaemia, particularly in the immunocompromised, or cholangitis and pancreatic sepsis following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). These risks can be eliminated by the use of effective cleaning and disinfection techniques, by providing suitable staff training and by paying attention to endoscopy room procedures. Both HBV and HIV are inactivated by all currently accepted disinfecting or sterilizing procedures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Disinfection and endoscopy: summary and recommendations. Working party report to the World Congresses of Gastroenterology, Sydney 1990. 188 72

Little information is presently available about health issues associated with intercountry adoptions. This research starts to fill this gap by surveying the health problems of 200 children from India adopted by 166 Oregon families during the period 1978-1987. Parents' responses to a mail questionnaire revealed that at least 37.5% of the children were premature. The children's birth weights and birth lengths were 3 to 4 SDs below WHO norms, and almost all the children's weights and heights by age, at time of arrival in the United States were below WHO's 50th percentile value. Feeding problems were frequent (35.0%), as were salmonella (30.5%), malnutrition (22.0%), anemia (18.5%), and developmental delays (18.0%). Many children were not tested for communicable diseases endemic to India such as hepatitis B, tuberculosis and salmonellosis. Many diseases and health problems were unanticipated by parents on the basis of medical reports received from India, and parents expressed a need for greater support and better resources in dealing with these health problems.
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PMID:The health of children adopted from India. 248 45

Of several hundreds of millions of people infested with schistosomiasis, only a few hundreds have, so far, been documented to have one or other of the three schistosoma-associated immune-mediated glomerulopathies, namely proliferative glomerulonephritis, focal and segmental sclerosis, and amyloidosis. Regardless of undoubted under-reporting, some factors must be involved in the selection of those who develop such glomerulopathies. On the basis of experimental and clinical evidence, this review highlights the importance of parasitic species, associated salmonellosis, genetic predisposition and impaired hepatic macrophage activity. It also discusses the potential pathogenic role of the prevailing parasite 'strains', intensity of infestation, associated infections with hepatitis B, and common urinary pathogens and impairment of hepatocellular function. Selection ultimately seems to be multifactorial, but there is evidence that inefficiency of the hepatic macrophage system plays a key role by allowing both schistosomal antigens and IgA polymers to escape hepatic clearance and/or modulation.
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PMID:Schistosomal glomerulopathy: selection factors. 312 49

The prevalence of most sexually transmitted diseases is disproportionately increased in gay men and paradoxically decreased in lesbian women. The spectrum of diseases seen in gay men include a variety of enteric infections including hepatitis A, shigellosis, salmonellosis, Campylobacter enteritis, amebiasis, giardiasis, and enterobiasis as well as the more common sexually transmitted diseases. Hepatitis B is endemic in gay male populations. The patterns of sexual behavior are the major factors contributing to this unique epidemiology and pathology. Increased sexual activity explained by the unrestrained cultural expectation of maleness, the functional overlap during sex between the genital-urinary and gastrointestinal systems, and anonymous sexual activity are all significant epidemiologic components.
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PMID:Hepatitis and other sexually transmitted diseases in gay men and in lesbians. 689 98

Funeral directors, control of infection officers, chief environmental health officers, and consultants in communicable disease control were surveyed to identify the sources and nature of advice about infectious hazards from the deceased available to undertakers. They were asked about management responsibilities, policies, particular activities (viewing, hygienic preparation, bagging, embalming, and final disposal by burial or cremation), specific diseases (hepatitis B, HIV infection, tuberculosis, meningitis, septicaemia, and salmonellosis), and repatriation. A wide range of opinions and advice was received on each topic. Medical personnel need a greater understanding of the work of funeral directors. Policies based on a realistic assessment of risk should be agreed.
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PMID:Infection in the deceased: a survey of management. 774 56

By 1990, all 50 states were using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Electronic Telecommunications System for Surveillance to report individual case data that included demographic information (without personal identifiers) about most notifiable diseases. This analysis of National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) data is useful for evaluating the distribution of reported notifiable infectious diseases among adult women by age and race. The number of cases of the 48 nationally notifiable infectious diseases reported among adult women (i.e., women > or = 15 years of age) were compiled for 1992-1994. These data were then analyzed by age and race, and rates per 100,000 adult women were calculated. During 1992-1994, the 10 most commonly reported nationally notifiable diseases among adult women in the United States were, in descending order of frequency, gonorrhea, primary/secondary syphilis, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), salmonellosis, tuberculosis, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, shigellosis, Lyme disease, and hepatitis C/non-A non-B. Gonorrhea was the most commonly reported notifiable infectious disease for women of all ages, except those ages > or = 55 years, and for women of all races, except Asian/Pacific Islanders. Tuberculosis was the most commonly reported infectious disease among women of Asian/Pacific Island descent. Analysis of NNDSS data provides information about the relative reported burden of diseases among women of all ages and different races. This information may be used for targeting research, prevention, and control efforts.
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PMID:Differences in notifiable infectious disease morbidity among adult women--United States, 1992-1994. 961 3

This article addresses some of the major epidemiological, clinical, financial and social issues related to the practice of renal transplantation in Egypt. It highlights the limited availability facing the tremendous need for this line of treatment. It provides an overview of the transplant activity in the country, with a brief description of the medical and surgical protocols generally adopted by most groups. As a representative sample, the results of treatment of the Cairo Kidney Centre are given, emphasizing the importance of local ecological factors in modifying the outcome, expressed as short and long term patient and graft survival. The effects of the high prevalence of 6 infective agents are described, including cytomegalovirus (CMV), hepatitis B and C viruses, salmonellosis, tuberculosis and schistosomiasis. Most of these agents are shown to influence the donor's selection while some may directly modify the graft outcome (CMV and salmonellosis), alter patient survival (CMV, hepatitis B) or necessitate changes in the surgical techniques or the doses of immunosuppressive drugs (schistosomiasis). The financial burden currently imposed on the state budget by renal replacement therapy in general, and transplantation in particular, is discussed. The circumstances leading to accepting live unrelated donors, and the subsequent reflections on the society are discussed. The stand of the Egyptian medical community against paid organ donation, its enforcement and outcome of its application are described.
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PMID:Renal transplantation in a developing country: the Egyptian 17 year experience. 1215 Jun 41

Men who have sex with men (MSM) are a priority population for HIV care and prevention programs. This report describes HIV and other sexually transmitted disease (STD) trends among MSM in metropolitan Atlanta by analyzing nine databases. We describe the use of the male-to-female (M:F) ratio, a surrogate marker for MSM in databases without standardized MSM variables that is recommended as an indirect measure of HIV risk behavior in the CDC/HRSA Integrated Guidelines for Developing Epidemiologic Profiles. During 1997 to 2001, there were increases among MSM for reported syphilis (from 9% to 17%), anti-biotic-resistant gonorrhea (from 4.8% to 8.6%), and HIV seroprevalence (from 33% to 43%). During 1998 to 2001, the M:F ratio for cases peaked at 12:1 during a hepatitis A outbreak among MSM, increased for shigellosis (from 1:0 to 18:1) and giardiasis (from 1.7 to 2.1), and did not appreciably change for hepatitis B, salmonellosis, or chlamydia. HIV and several other STDs appear to have increased among MSM in metropolitan Atlanta. When standardized MSM variables are not available, an M:F ratio is useful.
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PMID:Trends in infectious diseases and the male to female ratio: possible clues to changes in behavior among men who have sex with men. 1640 Nov 82


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