Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cellular and humoral immune responses to vaccines of hepatitis B and rabies as antigens were suppressed by specific inhibitors of cathepsin B, anti-cathepsin B antibody and the specific substrate of cathepsin B. The antigenic peptides of these vaccines are processed by cathepsin B and the fragments are capable of binding with the desetope of MHC class II, beta-chain, because one of the active sites of cathepsin B (14, 15) VN217-222 shares high homology with a part of the desetope, VN57-62, of MHC class II, beta-chain. Rechallenge of the synthesized antigenic peptides of these vaccine molecules shows a strong proliferative response to the splenocyte primed by these vaccines. However, the response to these antigenic peptides was not inhibited by cathepsin B inhibitors. These findings suggest that cathepsin B inhibitors do not inhibit any other processes of immune responses than the proteolytic processing of antigens. Some investigators reported recently that the Ii-chain is degraded by purified cathepsin B in vitro (23-25). However, we showed that the suppression of these immune responses by cathepsin B inhibitors is not due to the inhibition of invariant chain degradation. We found that the invariant chain shares about 40% homology with the cystatin family which are the endogenous inhibitors of cysteine proteases (23, 24). Therefore, the Ii-chain is one of the members of the cystatin superfamily and may participate in the regulation of presentation of antigenic peptides and also antigen processing by cathepsin B.
 ...
PMID:Mechanism and regulation of antigen processing by cathepsin B. 794 72

In Ethiopia during 1960-1962, more than 100,000 people in the Omo and Didessa river valleys acquired yellow fever and 30,000 died. There have been no yellow fever cases since 1966. Some other aboviruses that arise sporadically are Jos virus, dengue fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, and group A arboviruses. By age 15, all people in surveyed regions were positive for hepatitis A virus. Prevalence of hepatitis B virus increases with age ( 75% of adults in urban areas and many rural areas). The frequency of carriers of hepatitis Bs antigen is greatest in areas where people practice ceremonial tattooing. During 1988-1989, 93% of jaundiced patients in a military camp in Ethiopia had antibodies to hepatitis E virus as a result of a waterborne outbreak. Other hepatitis viruses in Ethiopia are delta and C viruses. All 3 serotypes of poliovirus exist, especially type III. 93% of 1-year-olds have already acquired immunity to it. Peak frequency of onset among paralytic cases is 2 cases. Measles epidemics are common in children. An outbreak in southwestern Ethiopia had a mortality rate of 20%. Immunity to rubella is around 85% for 14-year-olds. It increases with age. Rotavirus causes diarrhea in many children, especially among 7-12 month old infants and in June and November. Most children have been exposed to Epstein-Barr virus, which is responsible for mononucleosis and maybe for Burkitt's lymphoma. Officials do not conduct ongoing surveillance of influenza in Ethiopia. Influenza epidemics have occurred in 1957 and 1963. Rabies is endemic, with dogs being responsible for most cases. In November 1992, there were 3978 AIDS cases. 75% are less than 40 years old, with males more likely to be HIV infected than females. The Falashas of northwest Ethiopia have the world's second highest endemic rate of human T cell leukemia virus-1. Officials do not know the extent of viral diseases because there is no well organized national laboratory. One is needed to conduct surveillance and to evaluate the effectiveness of vaccination activities.
 ...
PMID:Viral diseases in Ethiopia: a review. 818 57

Polio, measles, rabies, tetanus, tuberculosis, and hepatitis cause much illness and death in Pakistan. Widespread and timely immunizations could, however, avert much of the associated morbidity and mortality. Pakistan therefore launched an Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) in 1978 in an attempt to immunize the country's 15 million children under age 5 years. Special attention was given to children under 1 year of age and to married women who might bear children. Program results have been quite impressive. This paper focuses upon important milestones in the acquisition of technology and the initiation of the manufacture of crucial vaccines for the EPI. Sections describe the laboratories for producing vaccines against oral polio, measles, human diploid cell rabies, tetanus toxoid, and hepatitis B, as well as general issues and the future. In developing local capabilities to deliver the immunizations and promote their value, the immunization delivery system has grown to encompass an extensive national network, including refrigeration and deep freezer facilities, an efficient transportation system, the production of injection components, a fully trained immunization staff, and an accurate record-keeping system. Pakistan has also pursued a variety of approaches to health education and social marketing in order to motivate mothers to bring their children to immunization centers and to follow through with the full course of vaccines, including daily radio, television, and newspaper messages.
 ...
PMID:Transferring manufacturing technology. Producing essential vaccines in Pakistan. 834 Feb 4

The incidence rate of hepatitis A is 3(-6)/1000 per month of stay in a developing country in unprotected travellers. Tramps and other persons feeding themselves under bad hygienic conditions have a rate of 20/1000. In many industrialized countries, persons below the age of 50 years have a seroprevalence rate of anti-HAV < 20%. Hepatitis A morbidity and mortality rates in travellers are far greater than those of any other vaccine-preventable infection in travellers, with the exception that hepatitis B shows a slightly greater mortality rate in expatriates. Future studies will determine the role of hepatitis C and E. Typhoid fever shows an incidence rate of 0.3/1000 in foreigners on the Indian subcontinent, and in many parts of North and West Africa, excluding Tunisia; in other parts of the Third World it is tenfold lower. In poliomyelitis, tetanus, diphtheria, cholera, rabies and Japanese encephalitis the incidence rate is < or = 0.002/1000.
 ...
PMID:Hepatitis A and hepatitis B: risks compared with other vaccine preventable diseases and immunization recommendations. 838 17

Cellular and humoral immune responses to vaccines of hepatitis B type and rabies were inhibited by specific inhibitors of cathepsin B, specific synthetic substrates of cathepsin B and anti-cathepsin B antibody. Therefore the lysosomal cathepsin B of antigen presenting cells plays an essential role in processing of these antigens for presentation to MHC class II. One of the active sites of cathepsin B, VN217-222 shares highly homologous sequences with a part of the desetope, a binding domain of antigenic peptides, VN57-62 of MHC class II, beta-chain. This evidence suggests that the peptides processed by the substrate specificity of cathepsin B exhibit a common affinity to bind with the desetope of MHC class II, beta-chain.
 ...
PMID:Participation of cathepsin B in processing of antigen presentation to MHC class II. 840 75

The incidence of cell transplant-transmitted infection is unknown and can only be inferred from prospective studies--that have not yet been performed and reported. The possibility of donor-to-recipient disease transmission through cell transplant therapy can be considered by reviewing the risk associated with other transplanted tissues and organs. Viral, bacterial, and fungal infections have been transmitted via transplantation of organs, tissue allografts such as bone, skin, cornea, and heart valves, and cell such as islets, hematopoietic stem cells, and semen. Several types of protozoan and worm parasites have been transferred via organ transplants. Bone allografts have transmitted hepatitis, tuberculosis, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). Corneas have transmitted rabies, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), hepatitis B (HBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), bacteria, and fungi. Heart valves have been implicated in transmitting tuberculosis and hepatitis B. HIV-1 and CMV seroconversion has been reported in patients receiving skin from seropositive donors. CJD has been transmitted by dura and pericardium transplants. Over the past several years, improvements in donor screening criteria, such as excluding potential donors with infection and those with behaviors risky for HIV-1 and hepatitis infection, and introduction of new donor blood tests have greatly reduced the risk of HIV-1 and hepatitis and may have nearly eliminated the risk of tuberculosis and CJD. Prior to use, many tissues are exposed to antibiotics, disinfectants, and sterilants, which further reduce or remove the risk of transmitted disease. Because organs, cells, and some tissue grafts cannot be subjected to sterilization steps, the risk of infectious disease transmission remains and thorough donor screening and testing is especially important.
 ...
PMID:Infectious disease transmission through cell, tissue, and organ transplantation: reducing the risk through donor selection. 852 Aug 30

A great deal of controversy and concern exists over potential transmission of central nervous system diseases by corneal transplant. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the available data relative to this question, pertaining especially to transmission of infectious dementia. From these data, determination of conveyance risks are possible, and rational policies for donor inclusion criteria can be constructed. Retrospective analysis of available published data regarding transmission of infectious dementias was performed. Risk of disease transmission was calculated from population data. Of the various forms of dementia, only rabies, hepatitis B, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) have been transmitted by corneal transplantation. Transmission of the first two viruses is preventable by serologic testing. Prevention of CJD transmission relies on clinical history. Despite the possibility of transmission and the lack of available testing, slow virus disease (CJD) has been transmitted only once. That this case represents an extremely rare event is supported by a lack of successful transmission via corneal transplant in monkeys; lower levels of infectious agent in cornea than in brain; lack of successful transmission of similar human dementias, including Alzheimer's disease to primates; the apparent requirement for homozygosity at codon 129 of chromosome 20 for transmission; lack of transmission in 5-10% of CJD cases even after brain inoculation; and low numerical risk of transmission based on population data. Only 0.5-4 CJD infected donors per year would be expected. Current Eye Bank Association of America criteria for donor exclusion based on suspicious history are adequate to protect against accidental conveyance of transmissible dementia.
 ...
PMID:Transplantation of corneal tissue from donors with diseases of the central nervous system. 857 70

Vaccination is one of the most important methods to prevent infectious diseases, it consist of application of an inactive but immunogenic antigen, with the objective of simulating a natural infection and originate an immunological response. Important vaccines used in women's reproductive age are: 1) antirubella, if the woman has not serum antibodies against rubella virus; 2) tetanus toxoid is indicated in all pregnant women which had not been vaccinated against tetanus in the last ten years; 3) hepatitis B vaccine, to be applicated in newborns of women with positive serological indicators of chronic hepatitis B infection; 4) antirabies vaccine and gamaglobulin hiperimmune must be used in women with a recent exposure to rabies virus.
 ...
PMID:[Pre- and postgestational vaccination]. 875 91

Viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus, herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and rabies can be transmitted to the recipient by corneal transplantation. Very few cases of rabies have been reported. Here we report two cases of rabies transmitted by the same donor. Both of the recipients died of rabies.
 ...
PMID:Transmission of rabies by corneal graft. 907 42

Present strategies for vaccinations are based on new vaccines of classical (hepatitis A, influenza, varicella) or modern (hemophilus, hepatitis B) conceptions. They include variable schemes according to the vaccinal doses (hepatitis A, B, diphteria) or the number of injections (hepatitis A, B, rabies). Their goals are eradication (Measles, Mumps, Rubella), or immune maintenance by boosters (hepatitis A, poliomyelitis, tetanus). They introduce associated vaccines in the vaccinal calendar (diphteria, tetanus, poliomyelitis, pertussis, hemophilus b and hepatitis B). They enlarged the area of targeted vaccinations for at risk-professions or pathologies and for travellers.
 ...
PMID:[New strategies of vaccination in France in 1995]. 888 Nov 99


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>