Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The debate over the potential risk of tumorigenicity attributable to the use of CCL substrates for biologicals production has continued for over 30 years and may continue for some time to come. Manufacturers and regulatory agencies are developing scientifically based guidelines for such products. It is currently possible to follow these guidelines to prepare recombinant biologicals and monoclonal antibodies in CCLs which do not pose unreasonable risks. This chapter has attempted to describe the scientific tools available to evaluate the putative risk of tumorigenicity due to potential virus DNA and protein contaminants. No theoretical or experimental basis exists to hypothesize that residual cellular protein might present a significant risk of tumorigenicity. The tools are certainly adequate for characterization of putative risks due to viruses and DNA but are not sufficiently powerful by themselves to assure product safety. The subsequent chapter on process validation describes how adequate assurances of safety ultimately can be obtained for products of CCLs against theoretical risks of tumorigenicity due to putative viruses and DNA. In addition to these safeguards, no evidence of tumorigenicity has been found in human or livestock animal recipients of the products prepared in CCL substrates. Many patients have received inoculations of tissue plasminogen activator, erythropoeitin, factor VIII, soluble CD4, GM-CSF, hepatitis B surface antigen vaccine, and various monoclonal antibodies and other recombinant products of continuous cell lines in clinical trials. For tissue plasminogen activator, large doses of 100 mg per patient or more have been used. At the time of writing over 10 kg of CHO-derived tissue plasminogen activator has been sold since late 1987 for administration to over 100,000 human patients. For recombinant factor VIII, erythropoeitin, and soluble CD4 proteins, chronic administration has been employed. Millions have received polio and rabies vaccines prepared in continuous Vero cells. In addition to this human experience, livestock animals have received annual inoculations of foot-and-mouth virus vaccine prepared in BHK-21 (a highly tumorigenic CCL) for up to 14 years without effect (69). No effects have been reported which might be attributed to oncogenic factors. Thus, scientific tools of characterization and principles of process validation are available to protect patients from putative risks of tumorigenicity associated with products prepared in CCLs. Increasing clinical experience also supports this conclusion.
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PMID:Continuous cell substrate considerations. 137 28

Vaccination is one of the major preventive measures against infectious diseases. With the exception of the hepatitis B vaccine, the vaccines in use today are produced from the infectious agents themselves, either by attenuation or inactivation. Although these products have been successful in controlling many diseases, there are several reasons why efforts are being made to improve their quality. In addition there are some infectious diseases for which vaccines are not available because the causal agents cannot be grown in sufficient quantities. New approaches will be required to obtain effective vaccines against these diseases. In this paper, these approaches to the design of new vaccines are described using hepatitis B, rabies and foot-and-mouth disease as examples.
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PMID:Designing future vaccines. 167 80

The antigenic determinant recognized by a HLA-DPw4-restricted human T cell clone specific for rabies virus was identified by using a vaccinia-rabies nonstructural phosphoprotein recombinant virus and synthetic peptides of the sequence of rabies nonstructural Ag. These peptides were selected on the basis of three models that predict T cell epitopes. The antigenic determinant recognized by the rabies virus-specific T cell clone contained a five-amino acid segment highly homologous to a sequence found in a hepatitis B surface Ag epitope that stimulates human T cells in the context of the HLA-DPw4. A preliminary model of DPw4-restricted T cell determinants is elaborated based on a hypothesis of how the 2 alpha-helical peptides may bind to this MHC molecule. Results are further discussed in the context of the usefulness in identifying DPw4-restricted T cell epitopes for the production of synthetic vaccines because this MHC class II molecule is found with high frequency in the population.
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PMID:Identification of a rabies virus T cell epitope on the basis of its similarity with a hepatitis B surface antigen peptide presented to T cells by the same MHC molecule (HLA-DPw4). 169 5

Contrary to the regular immunization schedule for children, the majority of immunization are done in adulthood in case of special risks only, such as old age, chronic illness or exposure. The protection against a variety of communicable diseases has to be monitored and if necessary to be boosted regularly. Based on the routine vaccination scheme 1991 of the Federal Department of Public Health, the following vaccinations which are commercially available in Switzerland are discussed in this review: diphtheria, Haemophilus influenzae, hepatitis B, influenza, measles + mumps + rubella, meningococci, pertussis, pneumococci, poliomyelitis, tetanus, rabies, tuberculosis, varicella and tick encephalitis. Furthermore, the current recommendations are given for the prophylactic and therapeutic use of immunoglobuline preparations.
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PMID:[Active and passive immunization: 1991 status]. 185 65

The increasing number of persons travelling to tropical and subtropical countries brings about a higher risk of infection with tropical diseases and of importation into non endemic areas. The following article deals with compulsory and recommended immunizations against tetanus, poliomyelitis, typhoid fever, hepatitis A, yellow fever, cholera, epidemic meningitis, hepatitis B, rabies and tuberculosis. Special problems such as vaccination schedules and vaccination in children are also discussed in detail.
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PMID:[Vaccinations for travel--1991 status]. 194 22

Communicable diseases represent a considerable burden in terms of suffering and costs. The decision to develop a new vaccine varies with perspectives. The public health perspective is influenced largely by cost-benefit ratios; the community perspective by a strong desire to alleviate suffering and disability from disease and from vaccine side-effects; and that of vaccine producers by demand, technological feasibility of development, and anticipated return on investment. Each of these perspectives is important. However, they often are mutually exclusive. From a humanitarian and epidemiological perspective, the most urgent needs related to communicable diseases are those of the poorest countries; in the industrialised world, with the exception of the vaccine for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), public health priorities, evaluated in terms of the cost-benefit ratio, often differ from those of the market, which usually selects its priorities according to return on investment. The six vaccines used in the Expanded Programme of Immunisation (EPI) are offered cheaply through a highly efficient bidding system. It would have to be extended, under the same form or differently, to other vaccines, such as those for rabies, hepatitis B, or japanese encephalitis. For vaccines that are being developed, such as conjugated polysaccharide or acellular pertussis vaccines, it is difficult to foresee how these expensive vaccines can be distributed. The situation is even worse for vaccines to be developed specifically for the third world. To make these vaccines available to everyone there must be technology that enables producers to sharply reduce production costs, and a subsidy for research and development and production.
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PMID:Lag between discovery and production of new vaccines for the developing world. 197 2

By using a preparation of inactivated rabies virus, the blood mononuclear cells from five rabies vaccine recipients were stimulated in vitro in the presence of interleukin 2. T cell lines that displayed significant proliferative responses to whole rabies virus and to preparations of rabies glycoprotein and nucleocapsid were obtained from all the individuals. Other antigens, such as diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, influenza A virus, hepatitis B surface antigen, and serum albumin, failed to induce the proliferation of the T cell lines. One of these rabies-specific T cell lines was found to proliferate in response to rabies antigens only when the antigen-presenting cells expressed homologous HLA-DR antigens. The use of mouse monoclonal antibodies specific for human T cell surface markers revealed that most of the cells of these rabies-reactive lines were of the helper/inducer class of T lymphocytes. Stimulation of the T cell lines with the rabies antigens induced the production of interferon-gamma, a lymphokine with potent antiviral activity. Several T cell clones were isolated from two of these cell lines, and most of them appeared to be specific for the antigenic components of the viral nucleocapsid. Two T cell clones specific for the rabies glycoprotein were also isolated from one of these lymphocyte interleukin 2-dependent lines. Further in vitro studies with rabies-specific T cells could help us to understand in more depth the role of regulatory T cells in the human immune response to rabies virus.
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PMID:Isolation and characterization of human T cell lines and clones reactive to rabies virus: antigen specificity and production of interferon-gamma. 241 20

Immunization offers the traveller protection against dangerous communicable diseases. In recent years the international traveller has had to consider not only the vaccinations required by some countries under the International Health Regulations (at present only yellow fever and cholera) but also a growing number of vaccinations for individual protection. The risk of infection varies with destination, means of travel, lifestyle, season and length of stay abroad, and the vaccination schedule and counselling must be adapted accordingly. Apart from the "exotic" vaccinations mentioned above, a short review is presented of the indications, use and efficacy of vaccinations against poliomyelitis, tetanus, diphtheria, hepatitis B (+ hepatitis A prophylaxis), typhoid, meningococci, rabies, tuberculosis and tick-borne encephalitis.
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PMID:[Immunization plan for foreign travel and sojourn]. 242 82

A general review of vaccines is presented. The available vaccines, their composition, route and dose recommendations and side effects are discussed. Underutilization of vaccines in the adult population is the rule. Vaccines of potential use in adults are presented. The susceptibility of adults to tetanus and the need for periodic booster immunization is stressed. A detailed discussion of the role of influenza, typhoid, pneumococcal and hepatitis B vaccination is included. Post exposure prophylaxis for vaccine preventable diseases and hepatitis A is reviewed. A different dose scheduled is recommended for vaccination against rabies with a locally manufactured product. A simplified recommendation for tetanus prophylaxis in the adult population is presented.
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PMID:[Immunization in adults and post-exposure prophylaxis]. 251 64

Nearly 40 million journeys abroad were recorded from the Federal Republic of Germany last year. 60-70% of travellers going to southern countries seek medical advice for preventive measures, particularly in Public Health centres. Inquiries for vaccinations are prevalent. Current aspects of immunization against yellow fever, cholera, tetanus, polio, typhoid fever, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, rabies meningococcal meningitis, European tick-borne encephalitis, measles and tuberculosis are discussed. Finally, some remarks on malaria prevention, hygiene, health insurance and information services are given in brief.
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PMID:[Preventive health care in travel, especially vaccinations]. 253 28


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