Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

2 patients had neurological symptoms and signs, with evidence of central-nervous-system demyelination, 6 weeks after administration of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. 1 had known multiple sclerosis but the other had no history of neurological disease; both had HLA haplotypes DR2 and B7, which are associated with multiple sclerosis. A causal link between vaccination and demyelination cannot be established from these 2 case-reports, but the time interval would fit a proposed immunological mechanism.
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PMID:Central-nervous-system demyelination after immunisation with recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. 134 27

In England and Wales there is a strong geographical relation between current mortality from chronic bronchitis and emphysema in adults and infant mortality from bronchitis and pneumonia 50 years ago. Follow-up studies of infants and children show that certain pulmonary infections cause persisting abnormalities of lung function. This suggests that infection of an organ system during a period of rapid growth may have permanent deleterious effects. Long-term consequences of infection may also depend on age-related differences in the host response. The relationship between age of infection with hepatitis B virus and the likelihood of becoming a chronic HBsAg carrier is an example of this. Evidence that the common communicable diseases of childhood tend to have occurred late in cases of multiple sclerosis hints at similar mechanisms in this disease. The current patterns of motor neuron disease mirror the epidemiology of poliovirus infection 40 years ago both in geographical distribution and in changes over time. The same neuronal populations are affected in both these conditions; is there a causal link?
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PMID:Childhood infection and adult disease. 185 18

Increasingly it is being discovered that short segments of proteins can provoke an immune response. Sequential determinants are as important as conformational determinants. It is the thesis of this paper that a string of three amino acid residues (a tripeptide) is antigenic when it is located on a large carrier, that is, when it is part of a protein. Conceptually this has great explanatory power in understanding (a) autoimmune phenomena (b) the intriguing finding that monoclonal antibodies which are supposed to be exquisitely specific cross-react with disparate, non-homologous proteins. Clinical syndromes such as the neuropathies of myeloma, hepatitis and multiple sclerosis are discussed in the light of this concept by computer analysis of the putative antigenic sites of myelin basic protein, hepatitis B and A proteins and measles peptides.
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PMID:Autoimmune disease--pathogenesis through molecular mimicry at the tripeptide level. 243 63

Considerable progress is being made in the understanding of at least two diseases associated with HTLV-I, ATLL and TSP. While laboratory methodology has not yet permitted comparable advances in identifying diseases associated with HTLV-II, if any, it is likely that a greater understanding of this and other retroviruses will result from the increasing focus of attention in this area. As illustrated by a recent meeting on retroviruses in the nervous system, which included discussions on polymyositis and multiple sclerosis as well as TSP, ATLL, and AIDS, the number of diseases associated with retroviruses is likely to increase and, if the applications of research data to the control of malignancies associated with hepatitis B virus and Epstein-Barr virus are applicable, the future for improving control of HTLV-I-associated disease should be quite promising.
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PMID:The epidemiology of diseases associated with HTLV-I and HTLV-II. 333 81

There are three types of interferons (IFN), alpha, beta and gamma. IFN-alpha is produced in the leukocytes infected with virus, while IFN-beta is from fibroblasts infected with virus. IFN-gamma is induced by the stimulation of sensitized lymphocytes with antigen or non-sensitized lymphocytes with mitogens. It is believed that IFN-alpha and beta originated from the same ancestral gene, whereas IFN-gamma did not. IFN has not only an antiviral activity, but also various kinds of biological activities including cell growth inhibition, immunosuppressive effects, enhancement of macrophage, natural killer (NK) cell, killer (K) cell and neutrophil functions, and cell differentiation-inducing activity. IFN also shows the antitumor activity resulting from the integration of the above-mentioned biological activities. IFN is also deeply involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases, e.g., collagen diseases such as SLE and rheumatoid arthritis, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, fulminant hepatitis, severe pancreatitis, nephritis, multiple sclerosis, allergic diseases, and atherosclerosis. At present, IFN is clinically used in therapy against virus infections such as hepatitis B and C, and for malignancies such as renal cell carcinoma, multiple myeloma, malignant melanoma, glioblastoma, skin cancers, malignant lymphoma and chronic myelogenous leukemia.
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PMID:[Interferon-alpha, beta, gamma]. 799 28

A 55-year-old woman was treated at our hospital for multiple sclerosis. Therapy consisted of glucocorticosteroids and cyclosporin. In the 7th week after these drugs were discontinued the patient developed acute liver failure due to fulminant hepatitis (FH) and died. Post-mortem examination showed massive liver necrosis. Serologic examination was negative for hepatitis B virus-related markers. Antihepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) antibody and serum HCV RNA were negative on admission, but HCV RNA appeared concurrently with the onset of FH. Although HCV infection rarely causes FH, it was considered to be the cause of FH in this patient, since there were no other causes of acute liver injury. We suspect that underlying immunologic abnormalities in conjunction with HCV infection may have precipitated the FH.
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PMID:Fulminant hepatitis caused by hepatitis C virus during treatment for multiple sclerosis. 880 40

Hepatitis B remains a serious public health problem. Vaccination limited to high risk groups has not induced a significant decrease in the incidence of the disease and universal vaccination appears to be the only means to eradicate the virus. Like for all vaccines, some side effects have been reported. In particular a few cases of multiple sclerosis have been observed after vaccination. Epidemiological data do not show a higher incidence of multiple sclerosis in vaccinated persons when compared to the general population. Although a causal relationship between vaccination and multiple sclerosis cannot be established on epidemiological grounds, it is reasonable to avoid vaccination in patients with this disease or a familial antecedent of multiple sclerosis. The present universal vaccination strategy aimed at protecting all the population against hepatitis B should not be modified.
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PMID:[Vaccination against hepatitis B. Many more advantages than disadvantages]. 908 10

The question of a connection between vaccination and autoimmune illness (or phenomena) is surrounded by controversy. A heated debate is going on regarding the causality between vaccines, such as measles and anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Brain antibodies as well as clinical symptoms have been found in patients vaccinated against those diseases. Other autoimmune illnesses have been associated with vaccinations. Tetanus toxoid, influenza vaccines, polio vaccine, and others, have been related to phenomena ranging from autoantibodies production to full-blown illness (such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA)). Conflicting data exists regarding also the connection between autism and vaccination with measles vaccine. So far only one controlled study of an experimental animal model has been published, in which the possible causal relation between vaccines and autoimmune findings has been examined: in healthy puppies immunized with a variety of commonly given vaccines, a variety of autoantibodies have been documented but no frank autoimmune illness was recorded. The findings could also represent a polyclonal activation (adjuvant reaction). The mechanism (or mechanisms) of autoimmune reactions following immunization has not yet been elucidated. One of the possibilities is molecular mimicry; when a structural similarity exists between some viral antigen (or other component of the vaccine) and a self-antigen. This similarity may be the trigger to the autoimmune reaction. Other possible mechanisms are discussed. Even though the data regarding the relation between vaccination and autoimmune disease is conflicting, it seems that some autoimmune phenomena are clearly related to immunization (e.g. Guillain-Barre syndrome). The issue of the risk of vaccination remains a philosophical one, since to date the advantages of this policy have not been refuted, while the risk for autoimmune disease has not been irrevocably proved. We discuss the pros and cons of this issue (although the temporal relationship (i.e. always 2-3 months following immunization) is impressive).
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PMID:Vaccination and autoimmunity-'vaccinosis': a dangerous liaison? 1064 10

We investigated multiple sclerosis in adolescents in British Columbia before and after a hepatitis B vaccination programme was begun. There was no evidence of a link between hepatitis B vaccination and multiple sclerosis or other demyelinating disease.
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PMID:School-based hepatitis B vaccination programme and adolescent multiple sclerosis. 1068 9

After the publication of case reports of hepatitis B vaccinees with onset or relapse of multiple sclerosis (MS), followed by a media-driven scare campaign in France, the perception that hepatitis B vaccine causes MS has developed. This has led to a fall in the acceptance of hepatitis B vaccination particularly in French-speaking communities which was accelerated by court decisions in favour of vaccination "victims" and the suspension of routine vaccination of pre-adolescents in French schools as a "precautionary measure". This situation has arisen in spite of the absence of scientific data to support a causal link between vaccination and multiple sclerosis. In this article, initially written to inform and reassure employees of one of the vaccine manufacturers, the epidemiological importance of hepatitis B and current knowledge on the aetiology of MS are described. All available data that may throw light on the hypothesis that hepatitis B vaccination is causally linked to MS was reviewed. The conclusion reached on the basis of available data is that the most plausible explanation for the observed temporal association between vaccination and MS is that it is a coincidental association. It is now important to rebuild public confidence in hepatitis B vaccine as well as in vaccination in general.
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PMID:Is there a causal link between hepatitis B vaccination and multiple sclerosis? 1070 60


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