Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In travel medicine efforts should be concentrated on preventive measures that are necessary, and travellers should be spared the side effects, costs and stress of superfluous measures. Excess mortality abroad is mainly due to traffic and swimming accidents, indicating the need for appropriate control strategies. The morbidity in travellers to developing countries is high, and is primarily due to traveller's diarrhoea. As prophylaxis is ineffective or unrealistic, and as travellers often need fast relief, it is recommended to include loperamide and an antimicrobial agent in the travel kit. Recent studies have shown that the incidence rate per month of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Africa may reach 24/1000. The most frequently occurring immunizable diseases are hepatitis A (3/1000) and hepatitis B (0.8/1000). For many tourists and some expatriates pre-travel advice (hygiene, measures against mosquito bites, etc.) as well as chemoprophylaxis and immunization can be limited to these infections, but those travelling or staying outside large centres need additional measures.
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PMID:Travel medicine--prevention based on epidemiological data. 188 61

Diarrhea, pneumonia, and malnutrition account for most of mortality and morbidity in children in developing countries. The Expanded Program of Immunization (EPI) is making progress with more than 50% of children under the age of 1 year receiving vaccination against the 6 EPI-listed diseases. The eradication of poliomyelitis by 2000 is realistic, so that the world could be smallpox- and polio-free by the 21st century. In July-August 1988 a cholera epidemic erupted in Delhi, India in which several hundreds died. The combined whole cell and toxin-B subunit oral vaccine against cholera has shown a decrease in protection from around 75-80% at the end of 6 months to around 60% at the end of 2 years. Typhoid fever affecting close to 8 million people in Asia has been treated with the improved formulation of TY21A vaccine and with the Vi polysaccharide capsular surface antigen in encouraging trials in Nepal. Co-trimoxazole has reduced child mortality caused by acute lower respiratory tract infections at the community level. 3 oral antirabies vaccines have been found safe, and oral baits have been effective. Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria is a major problem in may Asian countries involving sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine combinations as well. Lymphatic filariasis is expressed clinically as elephantiasis. More than 90 million people are believed to be infected. Ivermectin in a single dose as low as 25 mcg/kg of body weight was shown to be microfilaricidal in lymphatic filariasis. Allopurinol riboside is effective against visceral leishmaniasis or kala-azar. Leprosy and tuberculosis continue to be major health problems in Asia. There have been encouraging advances in immunization against cancers of the tropics, such as hepatitis B and primary carcinoma of the liver, the human papilloma virus and cancer of the uterine cervix, the Epstein-Barr virus and Burkitt's lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
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PMID:Perspectives on research and diseases of the Tropics: an Asian view. 269 93

Twenty malaria-naive volunteers received a recombinant Plasmodium falciparum malaria vaccine (RTS,S) containing 19 NANP repeats and the carboxy terminus (amino acids 210-398) of the circumsporozoite (CS) antigen coexpressed in yeast with hepatitis B surface antigen. Ten received vaccine adjuvanted with alum, and 10 received vaccine adjuvanted with alum plus 3-deacylated monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL). Both formulations were well tolerated and immunogenic. MPL enhanced CS antibody levels (measured by ELISA, immunofluorescence, and inhibition of sporozoite invasion assays). After sporozoite challenge, 6 of 6 in the alum group and 6 of 8 in the alum-MPL group developed patent malaria. Protected subjects had higher levels of CS antibody titers on day of challenge than did nonprotected subjects. After immunization, 1 protected subject had increased cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity against CS and recall of memory T cell responses to RTS,S and selected CS.
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PMID:Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of a recombinantly produced Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein-hepatitis B surface antigen subunit vaccine. 776 95

Due to inadequate cadaveric and living related organ supply, many end-stage renal disease patients go to third-world countries for living unrelated (paid) kidney transplantation. Thirty-four patients who have had transplantations in two centres in India before coming to our centre for post-transplant care and follow-up are reported in this study. In the post-transplant phase at our centre, the mean follow-up period of the patients was 209.7 +/- 137.3 (range 6-450) days. Fourteen of them, having an uneventful course, were followed on an outpatient clinic basis. The rest of the patients were hospitalized because of the following surgical and/or medical complications, during admission: urinary fistula in two patients; lymphocele in three patients; urinary tract obstruction in two patients; decubitus ulcer in one patient; severe wound infection in one patient; subacute myocardial infarction in one patient; acute irreversible vascular rejection in two patients; urinary tract infection in two patients; pneumonia in two patients; congestive heart failure and severe electrolyte disturbance in two patients; post-transplant diabetes mellitus and ketoacidosis in one patient; cyclosporin nephrotoxicity in two patients; cyclosporin nephro-, hepato-, and neurotoxicity in one patient. Plasmodium falciparum malaria in three patients, generalized mucormycosis infection in one patient, and genitourinary aspergillosis in one patient were seen during the first month. Hepatitis B virus infection followed by chronic active hepatitis was diagnosed in two patients, 2 and 4 months after the operation; and Kaposi's sarcoma was noted in another two patients, 1 and 5 months after the operation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Living unrelated (paid) kidney transplantation in Third-World countries: high risk of complications besides the ethical problem. 808 44

The recent success of a Plasmodium falciparum malaria vaccine consisting of circumsporozoite protein (CSP) T and B cell epitopes has rekindled interest in the development of a pre-erythrocytic vaccine. In order to optimize immunogenicity, well-characterized CSP-specific neutralizing B cell epitopes and a universal T cell epitope were combined with an efficient and flexible particulate carrier platform, the hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg), to produce a novel pre-erythrocytic vaccine candidate. The vaccine candidate, V12.PF3.1, is a potent immunogen in mice eliciting unprecedented levels (greater than 10(6) titers) of sporozoite-binding antibodies after only two doses. The anti-sporozoite antibodies are long lasting, represent all IgG isotypes, and antibody production is not genetically restricted. CSP-specific CD4+ T cells are also primed by V12.PF3.1 immunization in a majority of murine strains. Furthermore, the hybrid HBcAg-CS particles can be produced inexpensively in bacterial expression systems. These and other characteristics suggest that V12.PF3.1 represents an efficient and economical P. falciparum vaccine candidate for use separately or in combination with other formulations.
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PMID:Conversion of poorly immunogenic malaria repeat sequences into a highly immunogenic vaccine candidate. 1173 41

This is prospective cross-sectional study on 37 patients presenting to different hospitals in Khartoum state, Sudan, sought to determine the etiology, clinical course, and predictors of mortality in patients presenting with fulminant hepatic failure (FHF). Patients were subclassified into hyperacute, acute, and subacute FHF; all sera were tested for hepatitis A, B, C, and E; negative samples were tested for antinuclear antibodies and anti-smooth muscle antibodies. The commonest etiologic factors included seronegative hepatitis (38%), hepatitis B virus (22%), severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria (8%), autoimmune hepatitis (8%), hepatitis E virus (5%), anti-tuberculous drugs (5%), and lymphomatous infiltration of the liver (5%). The mortality rate was high at 84%. Poor prognostic factors included presentation with grade III/IV encephalopathy, evidence of bacterial infection, and a prolonged prothrombin time of >25 seconds over the controls.
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PMID:Fulminant hepatic failure in an African setting: etiology, clinical course, and predictors of mortality. 1743 91

T cell activation and depletion of naive T cells are hallmarks of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pathogenesis. This study explored the relationships between certain co-infections (including syphilis, hepatitis B and C, human T cell lymphotrophic viruses I and II [HTLV-I/II], Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus [KSHV], Plasmodium falciparum malaria, and tuberculosis), and levels of activated CD8 and CD4 T cell subsets as well as naive and memory CD4 T cells in HIV-infected adults in a rural area of southern Mozambique. We found that syphilis infection and to a lesser extent HTLV-I/II seropositivity were independently associated with higher CD8 T cell activation (CD8+ CD38+ HLA-DR+) whereas only syphilis was associated with higher CD4 T cell activation. Furthermore, KSHV and HTLV-I/II seropositivities were independently associated with a lower percentage of naive CD4 T cells (CD4+ CD45RA+ CD62L+). These results highlight the importance of screening and prompt treatment of syphilis, and raise questions as to whether HIV-positive persons with certain chronic viral co-infections should initiate combined antiretroviral therapy at higher CD4 cell counts.
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PMID:Alterations in T cell subsets in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults with co-infections in southern Mozambique. 2197 86

The RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine (Mosquirix) reduces the incidence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria and is intended for routine administration to infants in Sub-Saharan Africa. We evaluated the immunogenicity and safety of 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV; Synflorix) and human rotavirus vaccine (HRV; Rotarix) when co-administered with RTS,S/AS01 ( www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT01345240) in African infants. 705 healthy infants aged 8-12 weeks were randomized to receive three doses of either RTS,S/AS01 or licensed hepatitis B (HBV; Engerix B) vaccine (control) co-administered with diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-Haemophilus influenzae type-b-conjugate vaccine (DTaP/Hib) and trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine at 8-12-16 weeks of age, because DTaP/Hib was not indicated before 8 weeks of age. The vaccination schedule can still be considered broadly applicable because it was within the age range recommended for EPI vaccination. PHiD-CV or HRV were either administered together with the study vaccines, or after a 2-week interval. Booster doses of PHiD-CV and DTaP/Hib were administered at age 18 months. Non-inferiority of anti-HBV surface antigen antibody seroprotection rates following co-administration with RTS,S/AS01 was demonstrated compared to the control group (primary objective). Pre-specified non-inferiority criteria were reached for PHiD-CV (for 9/10 vaccine serotypes), HRV, and aP antigens co-administered with RTS,S/AS01 as compared to HBV co-administration (secondary objectives). RTS,S/AS01 induced a response to circumsporozoite protein in all groups. Pain and low grade fever were reported more frequently in the PHiD-CV group co-administered with RTS,S/AS01 than PHiD-CV co-administered with HBV. No serious adverse events were considered to be vaccine-related. RTS,S/AS01 co-administered with pediatric vaccines had an acceptable safety profile. Immune responses to RTS,S/AS01 and to co-administered PHiD-CV, pertussis antigens and HRV were satisfactory.
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PMID:Immune response to the hepatitis B antigen in the RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine, and co-administration with pneumococcal conjugate and rotavirus vaccines in African children: A randomized controlled trial. 2963 Apr 38