Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A patient with HBsAg-positive chronic aggressive hepatitis and HBeAg and hepatitis B virus DNA (HBV DNA) developed fatal Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The investigation of cerebrospinal fluid and a temporal lobe brain tissue post mortem sample with radioactive probes of previously cloned HBV DNA showed the unquestionable presence of viral nucleotide sequences in the nervous tissue (about 9 viral genomes per cell). Although a pathogenetic role in the underlying neurologic disease cannot be attributed to HBV, our observation widens the spectrum of tissues where HBV has been detected, and supports the contention that there are replicative extrahepatic foci where the immunologic system of the host is permissive for the virus.
 ...
PMID:[The detection of hepatitis B virus DNA in nerve tissue: the procedural aspects]. 209 49

Transmission of donor disease to the corneal graft recipient appears to be a rare event. Nevertheless, the subject merits careful attention because of the broad spectrum of diseases these cases represent, the potential for transmission of other disorders, and the difficulties in diagnosis they pose. Infections, neoplastic diseases, and corneal disorders may be acquired by corneal transplantation. Very serious are viral infections, but only rabies, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and hepatitis B have had documented transmission. Bacterial and fungal infections are a clear hazard to the graft. On rare occasions, the recipient has died. Although the transmission of local corneal disorders and dystrophies has yet to be documented, the potential seems clear, particularly with tissue from young donors where evidence for dystrophies, such as keratoconus and Fuchs' dystrophy, has yet to appear. Fortunately, in the United States, screening techniques appear to be largely effective in detecting donors who harbor diseases that are potentially transmittable.
 ...
PMID:Diseases potentially transmitted through corneal transplantation. 267 86

To determine whether unconventional pathogens causing subacute spongiform encephalopathy may be present in blood products, a newly developed hepatitis B vaccine and a widely used blood product were injected into mice and rats. As only a few aged mice in the test and the control groups showed spongiform encephalopathic change of a sparse or mild degree and which differed from that seen in rodents infected with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, the presence of unconventional pathogens in the tested inocula can be ruled out.
 ...
PMID:Unconventional pathogens causing spongiform encephalopathies absent in blood products. 293

Brain biopsy is justified in patients suspected of having encephalitis or viral encephalopathy because those patients are most likely to be helped if a diagnosis is made rapidly and with the greatest certainty possible. Neurosurgeons are occasionally reluctant to undertake brain biopsy because the procedure is diagnostic rather than therapeutic in intent. However, using currently available techniques a 1 cm3 sample of brain tissue can be taken with very low risk of morbidity or mortality. We recommend that the sample be taken from the anterior portion of the inferior temporal gyrus on the more affected side in patients with herpes simplex encephalitis, and from an area of maximum demonstrated involvement in other situations, using stereotactic techniques and intraoperative ultrasound as necessary. The risk to the operating surgeon and to the other members of the operating team appears very low in all of the situations discussed in this chapter. However, the authors feel that every patient should be approached as if he carries the hepatitis B virus. As indicated, the incidence of contracting hepatitis B after sustaining needle stick exposure to blood from persons positive for hepatitis B surface antigen is 10-15%. Conjunctival contamination by splash from the wound is a known method of inoculation of surgeons with hepatitis B virus and is a possible means for transmission of other viral diseases. We recommend that every patient be approached as if he has hepatitis B, not because the agent diseases discussed are known to be as infectious as hepatitis B, but because constant vigilance and careful technique offer the best protection to the surgeon and the members of the operating team in most situations, and because one can never be certain what agent diseases a given patient may harbor. With the exception of the Creutzfeldt-Jakob virus, the agents responsible for all of the viral diseases discussed are inactivated by standard procedures for sterilization of operating room instruments. Procedures necessary to inactivate the Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease virus have been presented. In the report documenting transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease through human growth hormone preparations the authors state, "We are once again dramatically reminded that human tissues are a source of infectious disease, and that any therapeutic transfer of tissue from one person to another carries an unavoidable risk of transferring the infection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Brain biopsy for encephalitis. 353 42

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a rapidly progressive, fatal disease of the central nervous system. Premortem diagnosis may or may not be conclusive. Because the etiologic agent is virulent, definition of necessary precautions for medical staff associated with such patients is needed. Transmission of CJD in animals has been found to occur after inoculation with brain, spinal cord, liver, kidney, lung, and lymph node tissues in diminishing frequency. Effective methods of sterilization and disinfection for the etiologic agent are unknown. Thus, personnel associated with supposed-CJD patients should take precautions not unlike needle precautions for hepatitis B patients. A list of guidelines is given.
 ...
PMID:Precautions for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. 704 39

Cadavers may pose infection hazards to people who handle them. None of the organisms that caused mass death in the past--for example, plague, cholera, typhoid, tuberculosis, anthrax, smallpox--is likely to survive long in buried human remains. Items such as mould spores or lead dust are much greater risks to those involved in exhumations. Infectious conditions and pathogens in the recently deceased that present particular risks include tuberculosis, group A streptococcal infection, gastrointestinal organisms, the agents that cause transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease), hepatitis B and C viruses, HIV, and possibly meningitis and septicaemia (especially meningococcal). The use of appropriate protective clothing and the observance of Control of Substances Hazardous to Health regulations, will protect all who handle cadavers against infectious hazards.
 ...
PMID:The infection hazards of human cadavers. 774 55

The slow virus infection (SVI) established by Gajdusek DC in 1964 has been known to involve not only Kuru or Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease but also hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and very recently human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. These all viruses potentially develop serious, irreversible disease, ie, hepatoma or adult T-cell leukemia, after long latent periods. HBV, HTLV-1 and HCV can be transmitted vertically from carrier mothers to their offspring, and therefore, are serious SVIs in the field of obstetrics. HB immunoglobulin (HBIG) and HB vaccine have been used clinically for the prevention of HBV vertical transmission (VT) under the guidance of the Ministry of Public Welfare in Japan. This nation-wide trial has much contributed to reducing the development of new carriers. However, the protocol recommended by the Ministry is a bit noncost-effective and troublesome for the patients and physicians. To solve the problem we newly designed our own regimen based on the natural history of HBV VT, the neonatal immune response to the recombinant vaccine and cost-effectiveness, and compared it with the Ministry one. It is not doubt that breast feeding is the most important route for HTLV-1 VT. However, other infectious routes, ie, intrauterine or transvaginal infection, have been recently worth noticing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:[Slow virus infection in the field of obstetrics and gynecology--with special reference to HBV, HTLV-1 and HCV]. 837 Oct 12

Just over a year ago, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) issued the final bloodborne pathogens standard, "Occupational Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens; Final Rule," which requires healthcare institutions to protect their employees from all occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens." According to OSHA, the only criterion for applying the standard is the likelihood of exposure to blood and other potentially infectious materials (OPIMs). Thus, the standard is designed to protect all vulnerable personnel, from the clinical engineers who service contaminated equipment to the staff in clinical laboratories, patient care or treatment areas, and housekeeping and laundry services--any location where the nature of the work poses the risk of exposure to bloodborne pathogens. All department heads and employees must have access to the standard and should carefully review our analysis of the regulations and recommendations for implementing them, as presented in this special issue of Health Devices. The standard is aimed at protecting employees from occupational exposure to all bloodborne pathogens and, especially, to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the hepatitis B virus (HBV)--the most infamous pathogens transmitted through occupational exposure to blood and body fluids. Other bloodborne diseases referenced by OSHA in the preamble to the standard include arboviral infections, babesiosis, brucellosis, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, hepatitis C, human T-lymphotropic virus type I, leptospirosis, malaria, relapsing fever, syphilis, and viral hemorrhagic fever. In this issue, we provide a clinical overview of HIV and HBV and the diseases they cause, as well as a brief discussion of other bloodborne pathogens; an analysis of the most significant regulations affecting hospitals; and our recommendations for compliance. The recommendations presented in this article do not exhaust the possibilities for reducing exposure and complying with the standard. We invite you to communicate your ideas and practices regarding compliance issues to the ECRI-sponsored Center for Healthcare Environmental Management (CHEM) for possible inclusion in a future update to its loose-leaf reference publication, the Healthcare Environmental Management System. We wish to acknowledge CHEM's contribution in developing this special report, which was reviewed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), and OSHA. Also see "CDC's Recommendations for Hepatitis B Vaccination and Postexposure Follow-up" and "A Minimal Training Syllabus" in this issue.
 ...
PMID:OSHA's bloodborne pathogens standard: analysis and recommendations. 844 29

The incidence of cell transplant-transmitted infection is unknown and can only be inferred from prospective studies--that have not yet been performed and reported. The possibility of donor-to-recipient disease transmission through cell transplant therapy can be considered by reviewing the risk associated with other transplanted tissues and organs. Viral, bacterial, and fungal infections have been transmitted via transplantation of organs, tissue allografts such as bone, skin, cornea, and heart valves, and cell such as islets, hematopoietic stem cells, and semen. Several types of protozoan and worm parasites have been transferred via organ transplants. Bone allografts have transmitted hepatitis, tuberculosis, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). Corneas have transmitted rabies, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), hepatitis B (HBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), bacteria, and fungi. Heart valves have been implicated in transmitting tuberculosis and hepatitis B. HIV-1 and CMV seroconversion has been reported in patients receiving skin from seropositive donors. CJD has been transmitted by dura and pericardium transplants. Over the past several years, improvements in donor screening criteria, such as excluding potential donors with infection and those with behaviors risky for HIV-1 and hepatitis infection, and introduction of new donor blood tests have greatly reduced the risk of HIV-1 and hepatitis and may have nearly eliminated the risk of tuberculosis and CJD. Prior to use, many tissues are exposed to antibiotics, disinfectants, and sterilants, which further reduce or remove the risk of transmitted disease. Because organs, cells, and some tissue grafts cannot be subjected to sterilization steps, the risk of infectious disease transmission remains and thorough donor screening and testing is especially important.
 ...
PMID:Infectious disease transmission through cell, tissue, and organ transplantation: reducing the risk through donor selection. 852 Aug 30

A great deal of controversy and concern exists over potential transmission of central nervous system diseases by corneal transplant. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the available data relative to this question, pertaining especially to transmission of infectious dementia. From these data, determination of conveyance risks are possible, and rational policies for donor inclusion criteria can be constructed. Retrospective analysis of available published data regarding transmission of infectious dementias was performed. Risk of disease transmission was calculated from population data. Of the various forms of dementia, only rabies, hepatitis B, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) have been transmitted by corneal transplantation. Transmission of the first two viruses is preventable by serologic testing. Prevention of CJD transmission relies on clinical history. Despite the possibility of transmission and the lack of available testing, slow virus disease (CJD) has been transmitted only once. That this case represents an extremely rare event is supported by a lack of successful transmission via corneal transplant in monkeys; lower levels of infectious agent in cornea than in brain; lack of successful transmission of similar human dementias, including Alzheimer's disease to primates; the apparent requirement for homozygosity at codon 129 of chromosome 20 for transmission; lack of transmission in 5-10% of CJD cases even after brain inoculation; and low numerical risk of transmission based on population data. Only 0.5-4 CJD infected donors per year would be expected. Current Eye Bank Association of America criteria for donor exclusion based on suspicious history are adequate to protect against accidental conveyance of transmissible dementia.
 ...
PMID:Transplantation of corneal tissue from donors with diseases of the central nervous system. 857 70


1 2 3 4 Next >>