Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

All patients and employees presenting for influenza A and B vaccination were studied for the need for other immunizations or tests, based on criteria of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee. More than 72% of patients and employees needed at least one other vaccine or test. During a 4 1/2-month period, 1,353 doses of influenza virus vaccine, bivalent, types A and B, were prescribed. Health care providers ordered doses of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (adult) for 36.8% of these recipients, pneumococcal vaccine, polyvalent 23, for 42.1%, and a tuberculin skin test for 36.3%. Determinations of hepatitis B titers or hepatitis B vaccine doses were ordered for 140 individuals. Patients older than 60 years needed additional immunizations with greater frequency. Rates of delayed adverse reactions (35.9%) and subsequent self-medication (11.7%) were recorded. The systemic adverse reaction rate was 17.3%. Annual influenza vaccination programs are valuable public health opportunities to determine immunizations needed by patients who might not otherwise receive a comprehensive, individualized review of the status of their immunization protection.
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PMID:Comprehensive immunization delivery in conjunction with influenza vaccination. 371 6

The situation of viral vaccines used in Asian countries is reviewed, focusing on the following vaccines: smallpox, rabies, polio, measles, rubella, mumps, influenza, Japanese encephalitis, hepatitis B, varicella, dengue, and rotavirus. Vaccinations are among the most important strategies to combat communicable diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses. Active immunizations are more preferable in most instances than passive ones. It has taken almost 2 centuries to eradicate the highly contagious infection of smallpox from the world. In 1979 the World Health Organization (WHO) announced the global eradication of smallpox. Smallpox vaccination was 1st practiced in 1840 by Dr. Dan Beach Bradley, with the last 2 cases of smallpox reported in Thailand in 1962. Despite the achievement for many years of more ideal rabies vaccine, Semple vaccine continues to be used in developing countries. Attempts should be intensified to produce newer tissue culture vaccines in developing countries themselves and to eradicate vectors. Instances of poliomyelitis were reported in Indonesia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, India, and Thailand as late as 1983-84, but only a few sporadic cases have occurred in Malaysia since 1980. This mixed record results from polio vaccine having been incorporated into national Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) programs in many countries. Measles remains 1 of the most common viral infections in children in most developing nations, but morbidity and mortality rates are not accurately obtainable in these countries. Rubella outbreaks have been reported from many countries in Southeast Asia with congenital rubella syndromes due to maternal rubella on the increase in many countries, including Thailand. Children who receive the mumps vaccination are those receiving the combined MMR vaccines. Monovalent mumps vaccine is not obtainable in developing countries. Influenza vaccine is impracticable in most developing countries. Japanese encephalitis vaccine has been used in Japan since 1954. Because of the high cost of Hepatitis B vaccine, mass immunization cannot be practiced in any developing country. Current data suggest that OKA strain of varicella vaccine will be a useful vaccine to protect against chickenpox in immunocompromised children as well as normal children living in some settings. More years are needed to determine the feasibility of dengue immunization. At present, only rotaviruses are the enteric viral agents causing human diarrhea for which vaccination is indicated and feasible. Requirements for vaccines used in developing countries are outlined.
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PMID:Vaccine requirements and priorities for developing countries. 379 67

Focusing on the worldwide state of immunization, attention is directed to the progress being made in control of the 6 diseases -- measles, pertussis, diphtheria, tetanus, poliomyelitis, and tuberculosis -- using the vaccines and equipment now available. Major problems in world-wide vaccine coverage to be resolved are: management to ensure that adequate amounts of potent vaccine are delivered on time to susceptible infants; and funds to pay for this system of delivery over the next few decades. In 1974, at the time Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) was conceived, 5% of infants in the developing world received a 3rd dose of DPT or polio vaccine. At this time, more than 1/3 of infants in the developing countries receive a 3rd dose of DPT or polio vaccine, although only about 20% receive measles vaccine. Progress has been made, but it is not sufficient if the global target is to be realized. Except for measles, the target diseases have been brought under control in most of the European region, and eradication targets have been set for the end of the century. Additionally, there is wide use of vaccines against other diseases of importance to public health including rubella, mumps, hepatitis B, influenza, pneumonococcal and meningococcal infections. Africa has the highest mortality and morbidity rates for the target diseases, yet there has been some progress in EPI. In 1983, 19 countries achieved fully immunized rates of 45-87% of their target population. A priority for the African region is the upgrading of the management skills of the health workers involved in EPI. A major constraint in the region is the need for a good 'cold chain" to ensure that vaccines are stored and transported within the safe temperature range. 26 countries in the American region are considered to have achieved control of paralytic poliomyelitis. Innovative ideas have been used in this region, including the use of national immunization days and revolving funds for bulk purchase of vaccines. In the Southeast Asia region there has been a slow but steady increase in coverage for all antigens except BCG and measles. The major constraints in the Western Pacific region as the other regions are lack of management skills and financial resources. Some progress has been made in the Eastern Mediterranean region despite great variation in socioeconomic status between countries. Alternative strategies for the acceleration of EPI activities are outlined.
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PMID:A global view of immunisation. 382 Jan 51

Prevention of disease by vaccination has been one of the major triumphs of medicine. Studies have been done on many vaccines to determine their benefits, risks, and costs. These studies have demonstrated that the benefits outweigh the risks and costs for many vaccines including polio, pertussis, measles, mumps and rubella. Thus, the use of these vaccines provides a net saving to society. Other vaccines such as those influenza and pneumococcal disease are cost-effective relative to other health expenditures. The value of benefit-risk, benefit-cost, and cost-effectiveness analyses lies not in providing the definitive basis for a decision on vaccine use or evaluation. Rather, these analytic techniques provide a structured framework which permits decision-makers to consider all relevant components of the decision in perspective to their relative contributions and subsequent effects. It forces key assumptions to be made explicit and identifies areas in which data are inadequate. The results of such analyses can assist in justifying a vaccination programme (poliomyelitis), in disseminating a programme more widely (measles), in changing health policy (smallpox), and in planning for how a vaccine might be used (hepatitis B). Cost analyses of vaccination may suggest the value of a vaccination programme, but the programme may not be widely adopted (influenza and pneumococcal vaccines). The reasons for this gap between study conclusions and application may be: disagreement with the estimates and assumptions used in the analysis; skepticism over the methodology itself; or subjective views of the vaccine or disease which remains resistant to analytical exercises.
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PMID:Benefits, risks and costs of immunization programmes. 392 21

A recent development in the production of experimental vaccines has been the use of the smallpox vaccine virus (vaccinia virus) as a carrier (vector) of the genes (immunogenes) which code for the protection-inducing proteins (immunogens) of unrelated viruses. The potential of these vector vaccines lies in the hope that such a vaccine would be cheaper, safer and/or more effective than existing vaccines to some pathogens. Vaccinia virus as a vector has attracted most attention to date because: several immunogenes can be inserted into its genome without destroying its infectivity; the immunogens appear to be produced normally; vaccinia virus has been used highly successfully to eradicate smallpox; and it has a wide host-range and thus might find veterinary as well as human medical application. Experimental vaccines, successfully tested in animals, have been prepared using immunogenes from influenza virus, hepatitis B virus and herpes simplex virus. Apathogenic enteric bacteria have some potential as vectors, most probably against enteric pathogens, although the potential of viral vectors is likely to be realized first. Parasitic worms and protozoa devastate millions of people. When the immunogens of these organisms have been identified there will be added impetus to investigate the potential of vector vaccines against these pathogens.
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PMID:Viral and bacterial vectors of immunogenes. 400 35

Although a large number of patients are maintained on chronic dialysis, there is little information regarding the medical care rendered to these patients. We therefore obtained information on health care maintenance policies from 90 dialysis centers (8,104 patients) selected from each End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Network. All centers except one obtained BUN, creatinine, electrolytes, calcium, and phosphorus at intervals of 1 month or less; 85% of centers obtained a multiple-test laboratory panel at monthly intervals. Annual physical examination, ECG, and chest x-ray were performed in 80% or more of the centers. Immunization policies varied with 88%, 64%, and 17% of centers offering influenza, pneumococcal, and hepatitis B vaccine, respectively. Patterns of surveillance for anemia, osteodystrophy, and hepatitis were variable. In view of the high frequency and cost of testing, prospective studies to determine optimal methods of health care maintenance in the chronic dialysis center are indicated.
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PMID:Selected health care maintenance policies in chronic dialysis centers. 405 Jul 81

Recent advances in molecular genetics have led to the possibility of using large DNA viruses, such as vaccinia virus, as a biological delivery system for immunizing man against unrelated disease-causing agents. When live vaccinia virus recombinants expressing the hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg), the influenza A virus haemagglutinin, the herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 D glycoprotein, the rabies virus G glycoprotein and the vesicular stomatitis virus G glycoprotein were used for immunization, animals were protected upon challenge with the appropriate pathogenic agent. A major concern with using such vaccines, however, stems from the previously documented vaccinia virus-associated post-immunizing complications. We present here experimental evidence that thymidine kinase-negative (TK-) vaccinia virus recombinants, constructed by inserting a variety of DNA coding sequences into the vaccinia virus tk gene, are less pathogenic for mice than wild-type virus.
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PMID:Decreased virulence of recombinant vaccinia virus expression vectors is associated with a thymidine kinase-negative phenotype. 405 85

Serum interferon activity was measured in 40 patients with acute viral hepatitis A, B and non-A-non-B during the acute stage of the disease and correlated with the severity, the long-term outcome and the viral etiology of the disease. Patients with alcoholic hepatitis, patients with an influenza-like illness and healthy volunteers served as controls. 80% of all patients with virus hepatitis revealed no measureable or only borderline interferon activity in their serum. No correlation was found with severity and long-term outcome of the disease, but patients with virus hepatitis A showed a stronger interferon induction than patients with hepatitis B and non-A-non-B. Further investigations of the interferon system in patients with virus hepatitis might help to improve our understanding of the different forms of the disease. The data presently available, however, do not permit as yet to define the value of interferon in the treatment of severe forms of acute virus hepatitis.
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PMID:[Interferon production in acute virus hepatitis]. 608 27

Gene splicing techniques have been used to modify the smallpox vaccine virus thus providing a generic approach for the construction of live vaccines directed against a variety of heterologous infectious disease agents. The technique involves translocating a particular gene from an infectious agent into the genetic material of the smallpox vaccine virus. This unique foreign gene, selected because it contains the information essential for the synthesis of an antigen important in immunity to that particular infectious disease agent, is now expressed under the regulation of the engineered smallpox vaccine virus. On immunization with this live recombinant vaccine, the body is fooled into thinking that it was infected by the foreign infectious disease agent and mounts a defensive attack resulting in immunity to that particular infectious agent. Three examples of this approach are provided. Thus, smallpox vaccine viruses were engineered to express genes encoding the hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg), the herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D (HSV-gD) and the haemagglutinin (HA) from influenza virus. These foreign gene products when synthesized in vitro under vaccinia virus regulation were shown to be antigenic by a variety of serological tests. When these recombinant vaccinia viruses were inoculated into laboratory animals, the heterologous gene products elicited the production of specific antibodies thus demonstrating that they were immunogenic. Serum neutralizing antibodies were demonstrated to be present for both influenza and herpes simplex viruses. Additional studies in mice showed that a recombinant smallpox vaccine virus expressing a gene from herpes simplex virus effectively protected the mice when subsequently challenged with what would normally be lethal doses of infectious herpes simplex virus.
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PMID:Genetically engineered poxviruses: a novel approach to the construction of live vaccines. 609 48

Animal virology has made outstanding contributions to preventive medicine by the development of vaccines for the control of infectious disease in man and animals. Cost-benefit analysis indicates substantial savings in health care costs from the control of diseases such as smallpox, poliomyelitis, yellow fever and measels. Areas for further development include vaccines for influenza (living, attenuated virus), the herpes group (varicella: cytomegalovirus), respiratory syncytial virus, rotavirus and hepatitis A, B, and non A/non B. The general options for vaccine formulation are discussed with particular emphasis on approaches with the use of viral genetics to 'tailor make' vaccine viruses with defined growth potential in laboratory systems, low pathogenicity, and defined antigens. Current progress with the development of an inactivated hepatitis B vaccine is reviewed as a case study in vaccine development. The impact of recent experiments in cloning hepatitis B virus DNA in E. coli on the production of a purified viral polypeptide vaccine is assessed.
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PMID:Prospects for new viral vaccines. 610 50


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