Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

6-O-Acyl derivatives of N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MDP) and synthetic, low toxicity lipid-A analogues were examined for their ability to enhance the potency of current viral vaccines. 6-O-(2-Tetradecylhexadecanoyl)-MDP (B30-MDP) in non-irritative vehicles such as physiological saline, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), squalene-PBS emulsion, Intralipid or liposomes, significantly stimulated the primary and secondary antibody production of guinea-pigs against influenza split or subunit vaccine and inactivated the hepatitis B virus surface (HBs) antigen. Mice seemed less responsive to the adjuvanticity of B30-MDP than guinea-pigs. Two low toxicity lipid A analogues, acylated beta(1-6)-D-glucosamine disaccharide bisphosphates (which do not have amide-bound or ester-bound 3-acyloxyacyl groups unlike fully toxic Escherichia coli-type lipid A), caused significantly enhanced antibody responses, primary or secondary, when administered to mice by incorporation into liposomes with inactivated HBs antigen.
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PMID:Enhancement of humoral immune responses against viral vaccines by a non-pyrogenic 6-O-acylmuramyldipeptide and synthetic low toxicity analogues of lipid A. 271 5

The adjuvant activity of chemically synthesized 6-O-acylated muramyl dipeptides (MDP) was tested in aqueous form. The activity was assessed by determining immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers in sera of mice immunized with hepatitis B virus surface antigen, influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) vaccine, or tetanus toxoid with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Administration of 6-O-acyl-MDP analogs with antigens induced marked enhancement of primary and secondary IgG antibody responses and maintained high antibody levels for at least 7 weeks. Among the analogs tested, an MDP methyl ester carrying a 6-O-3-hexadecanoyl-oxytetradecanoyl group (compound 309) exhibited the most intensive adjuvant activity. Its activity was stronger than that of 6-O-2-tetradecylhexadecanoyl (B3O)-MDP used as a positive control. However, accumulation of peritoneal cells and activation of peritoneal macrophages by compound 309 was weaker than that by 6-O-B30-MDP, suggesting that 309 as an immunoadjuvant is more suitable for vaccination in terms of its stronger enhancement of antibody formation and lower induction of inflammatory response than 6-O-B30-MDP.
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PMID:Enhancement of immunoglobulin G responses in mice against hepatitis B virus surface antigen, influenza virus hemagglutinin vaccine, and tetanus toxoid by 6-O-acylated muramyl dipeptides. 272 42

People at risk for vaccine preventable diseases are generally under-immunized. Primary care physicians too often miss opportunities to provide indicated immunizations to their patients. This paper reviews the indications and certain aspects of adult immunizations for influenza, pneumococcus, hepatitis B, tetanus/diphtheria, measles and rubella.
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PMID:Immunization needs of adults. 280 29

As Singapore is a densely populated island, and also a major air and sea port, the importation and dissemination of viral infections is facilitated. Respiratory viral infections have the highest prevalence rates, influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) being the most important ones. Seasonal variation occurs with influenza, RSV and parainfluenza virus type 1 infections. The age distribution and clinical picture associated with infections due to the various respiratory viruses are similar to those reported in other countries. Carrier rates for hepatitis B are high, but differ in the three major ethnic groups, vertical transmission from infected mothers being an important mode of transmission. Outbreaks of hepatitis A have been associated with the consumption of inadequately cooked shellfish. Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus infections are acquired early in life and herpes simplex, more slowly. Genital herpes is increasing in incidence. Coxsackievirus A24 and enterovirus 70 have caused major epidemics of acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis at 5-10 year intervals. Outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease due to coxsackievirus A16 have also occurred. With the declining incidence of dengue haemorrhagic fever, the percentage of susceptible individuals in children under 10 years, has increased markedly. Epidemics of rubella which occurred during the past decade, together with immunisation, have increased herd immunity to this virus.
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PMID:Epidemiology of viral infections in Singapore. 282 85

Previously we showed that mice immunized with a vaccinia virus vector expressing the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) glycoprotein D (gD) gene (vaccinia/gD) were protected against both lethal and latent infections with HSV-1 for at least 6 weeks after immunization (K. J. Cremer, M. Mackett, C. Wohlenberg, A. L. Notkins, and B. Moss, Science 228:737-740, 1985). In the experiments described here, we examined long-term immunity to HSV following vaccinia/gD vaccination, the effect of revaccination with vaccinia/gD, and the impact of previous immunity to vaccinia virus on immunization with the gD recombinant. Mice immunized with vaccinia/gD showed 100, 100, and 80% protection against lethal infection with HSV-1 at 18, 44, and 60 weeks postimmunization, respectively. Protection against latent trigeminal ganglionic infection was 70, 50, and 31% at 6, 41, and 60 weeks postvaccination, respectively. To study the effect of reimmunization on antibody levels, mice vaccinated with vaccinia/gD were given a second immunization (booster dose) 3 months after the first. These mice developed a 10-fold increase in neutralizing-antibody titer (221 to 2,934) and demonstrated a significant increase in protection against lethal HSV-1 challenge compared with animals that received only one dose of vaccinia/gD. To determine whether preexisting immunity to vaccinia virus inhibited the response to vaccination with vaccinia/gD virus, mice were immunized with a recombinant vaccinia virus vector expressing antigens from either influenza A or hepatitis B virus and were then immunized (2 to 3 months later) with vaccinia/gD. These mice showed reduced titers of neutralizing antibody to HSV-1 and decreased protection against both lethal and latent infections with HSV-1 compared with animals vaccinated only with vaccinia/gD. We conclude that vaccination with vaccinia/gD produces immunity against HSV-1 that lasts over 1 year and that this immunity can be increased by a booster but that prior immunization with a vaccinia recombinant virus expressing a non-HSV gene reduces the levels of neutralizing antibody and protective immunity against HSV-1 challenge.
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PMID:Immunization with a vaccinia virus recombinant expressing herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein D: long-term protection and effect of revaccination. 283 6

Prior to offering the hepatitis B (HB) vaccine, a prescreen for hepatitis B virus (HBV) antibodies was conducted in a 565 bed hospital in Pasadena, California. Antibodies to the hepatitis B virus were detected in 14.5% of 1,745 employees tested. There was a significantly higher prevalence in those with a previous history of hepatitis, blood transfusions, exposure to needlesticks, number of years in the same occupation, and in the same hospital work area. Employees of Asian extraction (33.3%) and blacks (23.1%) had a higher prevalence of antibodies to the hepatitis B virus than Hispanics (13.7%) and whites (10.2%). Anti-HBs was detected in 92.6% of 865 employees who received three doses of the hepatitis B vaccine. Only 28.6% of nonresponders receiving a fourth dose of hepatitis B vaccine produced anti-HBs. The nonresponders to the HB vaccine were older (average age 64.9 years) when compared to the responders (average age 37.5 years), and more males failed to produce anti-HBs after vaccination than females. Hepatitis B vaccination of the majority of individuals with either "low level" anti-HBs alone or anti-HBc alone did not elicit an anamnestic response after one dose of vaccine, implying that these "low level" antibodies are nonspecific and do not represent antiviral antibodies. Adverse reactions to the hepatitis B vaccine were minor and included a flu-like syndrome, sore arm, and rash and swelling at the injection site. The reasons for nonparticipation were obtained from 179 individuals, and the main issue was concern about safety of the hepatitis B vaccine.
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PMID:A hepatitis B vaccination program in a community teaching hospital. 295 17

A substantial proportion of vaccine-preventable diseases occur among adults. Each year, there are more than 20,000 influenza-associated deaths during epidemics, approximately 40,000 deaths related to pneumococcal disease, and one to five cases of diphtheria. More than 300,000 hepatitis B infections occur annually, mostly in patients 15 to 29 years old. From 1982 to 1986, 96% of patients with tetanus were age 20 and older. Among young adults, 5% to 20% are susceptible to rubella and measles, and outbreaks occur where these persons congregate. Most adults are not immunized, despite recommendations for vaccines against these diseases. Vigorous efforts are needed to implement strategies to reduce disease incidence, morbidity, and death among adults.
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PMID:Immunization policies and vaccine coverage among adults. The risk for missed opportunities. 296 6

To assess factors influencing acceptance of hepatitis B vaccine, 547 medical residents and 230 surgical residents were surveyed. The vaccination rate among 315 (58%) medical residents who responded was 46%; for 124 (54%) surgical residents who responded it was 76%. Most medical (93%) and surgical (94%) residents who were vaccinated believed they were at risk of hepatitis B virus infection. Among unvaccinated medical residents, 71% indicated concern about vaccine-related side effects, including potential but unknown reactions (58%) and possible transmission of AIDS (37%) and hepatitis (16%). Unvaccinated surgical residents were also concerned about side effects (64%). Stepwise discriminant function analysis revealed that medical residents were vaccinated if they were concerned about risk of exposure to hepatitis B virus and the chronic complications of infection and if they had received hepatitis B immune globulin and influenza vaccine. Surgical residents were vaccinated if they believed hepatitis B vaccine was efficacious, but were not vaccinated if they believed hepatitis B virus infection was not serious.
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PMID:Acceptance of hepatitis B vaccine by medical and surgical residents. 296 57

The coding sequences for the hepatitis B virus surface antigen, the herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D, and the influenza virus hemagglutinin were inserted into a single vaccinia virus genome. Rabbits inoculated intravenously or intradermally with this polyvalent vaccinia virus recombinant produced antibodies reactive to all three authentic foreign antigens. In addition, the feasibility of multiple rounds of vaccination with recombinant vaccinia virus was demonstrated.
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PMID:Recombinant vaccinia virus: immunization against multiple pathogens. 299 92

In Southeast Asia, 15 to 20 percent of the population are hepatitis B surface antigen carriers. The majority of these carriers have chronic hepatitis and would progress to cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma at an annual incidence of 2 percent and 1 percent, respectively. Previous studies from Southeast Asia suggested that immunosuppressive therapy could be harmful, or at best of no value, and antiviral treatment with vidarabine, picibanil, or even interferon was also unsatisfactory. Currently, a randomized controlled trial of human lymphoblastoid interferon, with or without prednisolone pretreatment, versus placebo in patients with hepatitis B core antigen in the liver and hepatitis B e antigen in the serum is being conducted. Forty-five patients (29 receiving interferon, 16 receiving placebo) have been entered in the trial for at least two months. Actuarial analysis shows that the response to interferon therapy was better than that to placebo. Although flu-like symptoms, hair loss, and body weight loss were seen, no side effect requiring specific treatment has been encountered. These preliminary results suggest that human lymphoblastoid interferon is effective and safe in Oriental patients.
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PMID:Treatment of chronic type B hepatitis in Southeast Asia. 304 79


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