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Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This document has been developed by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) to update recommendations for prevention of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) in the health-care setting. Current data suggest that the risk for such transmission from a health-care worker (HCW) to a patient during an invasive procedure is small; a precise assessment of the risk is not yet available. This document contains recommendations to provide guidance for prevention of HIV and HBV transmission during those invasive procedures that are considered exposure-prone.
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PMID:Recommendations for preventing transmission of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus to patients during exposure-prone invasive procedures. 164 65

The prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) was investigated among different populations in Taiwan, where anti-HCV was detected in 0.8% (24/2,994) of adult volunteer blood donors, 0.1% (1/1,305) of youngsters and children, 12.5% (8/64) of adult volunteer blood donors with elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT), 36.5% (23/63) of hemodialysis patients, 4.1% (13/318) of male homosexuals, 25.4% (16/63) of cases positive for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (anti-HIV), 82.2% (578/703) of intravenous drug users (IVDUs), and 10.3% (23/223) of female prostitutes (FPs). Among patients with chronic liver diseases including chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the overall prevalence rate for anti-HCV was 34.1% (42/123), and a higher prevalence was noted in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-negative cases than in HBsAg-positive cases. The prevalence of anti-HCV in volunteer blood donors and high prevalence found in IVDUs, hemodialysis patients, anti-HIV positive cases, and FPs are consistent with those results from other countries. These findings suggest that hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is transmitted by both blood-borne and sexual contact routes. Among flavivirus infections, anti-HCV was detected in 0.3% (1/289) and 1.3% (4/310) of Japanese encephalitis and dengue fever patients, respectively. In conclusion, in Taiwan, an area with high endemicity of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, the epidemiological status of HCV infection is similar to that observed in other countries, and no serum cross-reactivity was noticed between HCV and flavivirus infections.
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PMID:Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) in different populations in Taiwan. 165 45

This document has been developed by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) to update recommendations for prevention of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) in the health-care setting. Current data suggest that the risk for such transmission from a health-care worker (HCW) to a patient during an invasive procedure is small; a precise assessment of the risk is not yet available. This document contains recommendations to provide guidance for prevention of HIV and HBV transmission during those invasive procedures that are considered exposure-prone.
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PMID:Recommendations for preventing transmission of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus to patients during exposure-prone invasive procedures. 165 15

To evaluate the Ethiopian national blood requirement and supply and to determine the impact of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAG) screening on the blood supply, 407 random blood donor sera were tested for HBsAG, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and ALT activity. HBsAG and anti-HIV antibody were determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique using Hepanostica and Welcozyme kits, respectively. The Western Blot test was performed to confirm anti-HIV positive sera by the ELISA technique. ALT was determined by an automated photometer using ALAT kits and serologic testing for syphilis was done by the rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test. The amount of blood required in Ethiopia and the actual supply was calculated on the basis of the number and type of hospital beds in Addis Abada and the number of blood transfusions in units/hospital bed. The results demonstrated that the combined donor and unit rejection rate was 34.6%. The annual blood requirement was 7 units for emergency and 4 for nonemergency beds. The national blood requirement in 1989 was 64,350-80,000 units, but the supply met only 1/3 of the requirement. The mean and 2SD cutoff ALT levels were 28 and 69 IU/L, respectively. ALT was elevated in 9.1% of HBsAG positive but apparently health donors, while HBsAG screening eliminated 25% of those with elevated ALT activity. These data suggest that there is a serious blood shortage in Ethiopia and that the currently supplied blood is relatively unsafe in terms of hepatitis. Thus, HBsAG screening should be done along with the implementation of a blood policy that ensures the procurement of sufficient blood for hemotheraphy in Ethiopia.
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PMID:National blood requirement, serum ALT and hepatitis in Ethiopian blood donors. 165 34

A seroprevalence study was carried out on 1757 outpatients consecutively seen in a sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic in order to evaluate the sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV). A total of 1442 consenting patients were tested for hepatitis C, hepatitis B and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HCV, HBV, HIV-1) antibodies. The relations between anti-HCV, anti-HBc and anti-HIV-1 were studied. Of 73 anti-HCV positive reactions, 45 (61.6%) were confirmed by the recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA). The proportion of individuals with anti-HCV was higher in outpatients with a history of sexually transmitted disease than without. It was 2.8% in non drug user heterosexuals and 2.9% in non drug user homosexuals. Intravenous drug users (IDU) had higher anti-HCV prevalence when a history of STD was taken into account (42.3% in subjects with STD versus 36.7% in subjects without STD). Among non drug user heterosexuals an association was found between anti-HCV and anti-HBc. These data suggest that sexual transmission of HCV occurs, although it seems to be less efficient than other parenteral modes of transmission. When a more sensitive and specific marker of HCV infection become available, a more accurate estimate of the frequency and efficiency of the sexual transmission will be possible.
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PMID:Heterosexual and homosexual transmission of hepatitis C virus: relation with hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus type 1. 166 Dec 41

The basal level of secretion of hypophyseal (ACTH, STH) and peripheral glucocorticoid (cortisol, corticosterone) hormones as related to the immune status (lymphocyte subpopulations, serum immunoglobulins, circulating immune complexes, macrophagal component) and specific marker profiles of viruses B and delta was measured in 142 children with different forms of chronic virus hepatitis B and delta (D). The patients with chronic persistent hepatitis was characterized by the "cortisol" type response of stressor adaptation hormones in parallel with the genetically determined weak immune response, demanding no correction. The patients with chronic active hepatitis B and D demonstrated the "central" type of hormonal response with a primary increase in the content of ACTH and CTH and a moderate rise of the cortisol level, which correlated with pronounced secondary immunodeficiency of the T cell and macrophagal components of immune response. In the patients with chronic virus hepatitis B and D, the hormonal profile, as liver cirrhosis develops, is characterized by an increase in corticosterone and blood somatotropin and by a relatively low cortisol content. This reflects depletion of the mechanisms of adaptation and correlates with deep insufficiency of all the three components of immune response. The use of human leukocytic interferon and T-activin exert a well-defined effect on hormonal adaptation of immune response, promotes completion of HB-virus infection replication and the onset of a stable remission.
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PMID:[Clinico-pathogenetic role of hormones of the pituitary-adrenal system and somatotropin in the development of immunosuppression in chronic hepatitis B and delta infection in children and the approach to its correction]. 166 32

The risk of transmission of infection within the dental workplace is low, but recent data have indicated that human immunodeficiency virus transmission between dentist and patient can occur, and that while nosocomial transmission of hepatitis B virus is now less likely, a small but significant number of staff may be at risk of hepatitis C virus and varicella zoster virus infection during dental treatment. Despite these continued risks, shortcomings remain in cross-infection control in the dental workplace. Dental clinicians still fail to take adequate steps to minimize nosocomial infection, inconsistently using appropriate methods of sterilization and not providing ancillary staff with suitable protective clothing. Similarly, although vaccinated against hepatitis B virus, a substantial number of clinicians are reluctant to treat hepatitis B virus- or human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Cross-infection control procedures continue to be modified. Of importance, it has been confirmed that protective rubber gloves cannot be reused, as micropunctures develop during rewashing. Sharps injuries are common in dental practice, but there are still no effective measures to prevent postinjury human immunodeficiency virus or hepatitis C virus infection. Instrument sterilization is generally safe and effective, but the contamination of dental unit water supplies remains to be overcome, and while impressions can be placed in disinfectants for up to 1 hour without significant dimensional change, it is not known if infectious agents within the impression material are inactivated by this procedure.
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PMID:Infection control in dentistry. 166 10

To determine whether the abnormalities of cell-mediated immunity described in chronic D hepatitis are associated with hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection or concomitant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, serologic and tissue hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HDV markers and T lymphocyte subsets were studied in serum samples from 38 patients with chronic D hepatitis, 26 of whom had HIV infection. Patients with chronic D hepatitis and HIV infection had significantly lower peripheral blood T4:T8 ratios resulting from a significant increase in T8+ (suppressor/cytotoxic) cells, while numbers of T lymphocyte subsets were normal in cases with chronic D hepatitis only. HIV+ patients showed an increase in HBV replication (identified by hepatitis B core antigen in liver and hepatitis B e antigen and HBV DNA in serum) and in HDV replication (tissue D antigen and HDV RNA) without evidence of more active liver disease. Probably the immunologic disturbances detected in chronic D hepatitis are secondary to HIV infection, do not contribute to the pathogenesis of liver injury, and are associated with increased viral B and D replication.
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PMID:Influence of human immunodeficiency virus infection on cell-mediated immunity in chronic D hepatitis. 167 49

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may be responsible for several types of vasculitis: leucocytoclastic vasculitis, granulomatous angiitis, angiitis associated with lymphoproliferative syndromes or necrotizing vasculitis including periarteritis nodosa (PAN). We report a case of PAN in a 62-year old HIV1-positive woman. The patient had no co-occurrent hepatitis B virus infection and was negative for antinuclear antibodies. She presented with sicca syndrome, necrotic purpura, myalgias and polyneuropathy. Skin, muscle and nerve biopsies showed signs of necrotizing vasculitis. Multiple microaneurysms typical of PAN were present on branches of the abdominal aorta. The symptoms due to vasculitis regressed after treatment with corticosteroids in bolus injections and plasmapheresis. AZT was not given owing to intolerance. The literature on vasculitis associated with HIV infection is reviewed.
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PMID:[Periarteritis nodosa-type vasculitis and infection with human immunodeficiency virus]. 167 17

To assess the knowledge of hospital doctors about patients at increased risk of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or hepatitis B virus, and the precautions they took during phlebotomy in such patients, an anonymous postal questionnaire was sent to all 307 hospital doctors working at two District General Hospitals in Liverpool, UK. Two hundred and thirty-eight (77.5%) of the questionnaires were returned. More than 90% of respondents considered a history of male homosexuality, intravenous drug abuse, prostitution or a child of a prostitute to indicate an inoculation risk. There was uncertainty about a previous prison sentence in the 1980s, residence in a home for the mentally handicapped, previous residence in the tropics and hospital treatment in the tropics. Thirty-eight percent of doctors would never enquire about sexual preference, 54.1% about a previous prison sentence and 15.7% about intravenous drug abuse in their clinical history. Although 97.4% of doctors would sometimes or always wear gloves during phlebotomy of an inoculation risk patient, 25.5% always resheathed the needle after phlebotomy and 20.8% would never take the sharps box to the patient. More effort is required to identify accurately inoculation risk patients and greater care is needed in phlebotomy techniques.
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PMID:Phlebotomy in inoculation risk patients: a questionnaire survey of knowledge and practices of hospital doctors in Liverpool. 168 70


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