Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To investigate the prevalence of four blood-borne viruses among a cohort of haemodialysis (HD) patients in Japan, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibody to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV), antibody to human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-I (anti-HTLV-I), and antibody to human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (anti-HIV-1) were studied in the sera from 393 consecutive HD patients and in the sera from 786 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals from the general population (controls). The prevalence of anti-HCV and anti-HTLV-I was significantly higher in HD patients than in the controls (17.8% vs. 1.1% and 3.8% vs. 0.5%), but the prevalence of HBsAg showed no significant difference. No patients or controls were positive for anti-HIV-1. In HD patients with no history of blood transfusion, anti-HCV was detected in only one (2.1%) of 48 patients undergoing HD treatment for less than 3 years, and there was no significant difference between the prevalence of anti-HCV in these patients and in the controls. In HD patients who had received blood transfusion, anti-HTLV-I was detected in only one (1.0%) of 103 patients undergoing HD treatment for less than 3 years, and there was no significant difference between the prevalence of anti-HTLV-I in these patients and in the controls. These findings suggest that in recent years, the risk of HCV transmission by routes other than blood transfusion in HD patients is low, and that of HTLV-I transmission by transfusion is very low or non-existent.
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PMID:Prevalence of four blood-borne viruses (HBV, HCV, HTLV-I, HIV-1) among haemodialysis patients in Japan. 157 19

Being a health care worker in today's world is not without risks. Accidental exposure to blood carries with it a definite risk of transmission of infection by various bloodborne pathogens, especially the hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and human immunodeficiency viruses. While infectious disease specialists, hospital epidemiologists, and infection control clinicians can develop many important strategies to reduce this risk--aggressive training, utilization of safer needles, identification of high-risk activities, and efficient disposal systems--their overriding responsibility is to design and implement a comprehensive plan for expeditiously and effectively dealing with accidental exposures when they occur. Among other things, the plan must address a number of key issues, including testing, administering postexposure prophylaxis, providing short- and long-term follow-up care, and, particularly, counseling for helping the health care worker deal with the tremendous anxiety associated with the injury. Drs. Julie L. Gerberding of the University of California, San Francisco, and San Francisco General Hospital and David K. Henderson of the National Institutes of Health and the Warren G. Magnuson Clinical Center have both made significant contributions in this area; in this month's AIDS Commentary they discuss the essential elements of such a plan.
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PMID:Management of occupational exposures to bloodborne pathogens: hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus. 768 Feb 38

We conducted a survey of a random sample of California orthodontists and of general dentists to compare their infection control procedures. Questionnaires were returned by 124 orthodontists (56% response rate) and 126 general dentists (61% response rate). Eighteen questions were asked covering practice profile, perception of risk from hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), exposure to blood, barrier protection used, and sterilization and disinfection procedures. Gloves always were worn by 80% of the orthodontists sampled, 63% always wore glasses, and 59% changed gloves between patients. Orthodontists sterilized their instruments 66% of the time and pliers 49% of the time. Compared with general dentists, orthodontists' perception of risk, use of barrier protection, and sterilization and disinfection procedures were lower in all areas. Our data suggest that poorer performance may be because orthodontists: (1) perceive their younger population of patients at less risk for HBV and HIV; (2) treat 2.5 times as many patients, which increases the costs of infection control; (3) do not use invasive procedures; and (4) perceive that glove use decreases dexterity. Orthodontists should follow the American Dental Association/Council on Dental Therapeutics infection control guidelines for universal precautions. To meet these guidelines, orthodontists still need improvement in all aspects of their infection control procedures.
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PMID:Compliance with infection control procedures among California orthodontists. 162 33

A cross-sectional seroepidemiologic study was carried out between 1985 and 1990 in 1,567 heterosexual intravenous drug users who had been seen at the AIDS Regional Reference Center in Palermo, Italy, to evaluate the rate of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) seroprevalence in this group and its long-term trend. Sixty serum samples collected from drug users in 1980 and 1983, before the founding of the Center (1985), were tested as well. Some demographic and behavioral risk factors were studied in a subgroup of intravenous drug users enrolled in 1985, 1987, and 1990 for their possible association with HIV-1. These factors were also studied in relation to hepatitis B virus infection, since both viruses share the same modes of spread. These drug users had a higher prevalence of markers for hepatitis B virus than of HIV-1 antibodies, and the prevalence rates in sera collected declined over time for both infections. The presence of both antibodies to HIV-1 and markers for hepatitis B virus was independently associated with the age of the drug user, the duration of drug use, and the year of serum collection. Antibodies to HIV-1 were observed more frequently in females than in males. No relation was found between education or employment status and the presence of HIV-1 antibodies or hepatitis B virus markers. Although new HIV-1 infections still occur, the decline in seroprevalence observed at the end of the 1980s might be related to modifications in social behavior among newer drug users, partial exhaustion of the susceptible population, and increasing risk awareness in more experienced users.
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PMID:The changing pattern of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in intravenous drug users. Results of a six-year seroprevalence study in Palermo, Italy. 162 37

Five (0.74%) of 678 women delivering in 1985 at a tertiary referral hospital for high-risk pregnancies and 16 (1.34%) of 1198 women visiting an urban prenatal obstetrics clinic in 1986-1987 had serologic evidence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Unlinked testing (removal of personal identifiers from the blood specimen and the epidemiologic data sheet) of residual serum from hepatitis B virus serologic testing was used. Neither age, marital status, payor status, nor serologic markers of hepatitis B virus infection was useful in identifying women at risk for HIV-1 infection. As a result of these data, we have initiated a program in which counseling is offered to all women and testing for those who consent. Unlinked testing of women who refuse consent is performed for epidemiologic purposes. This will allow us to continue to plan for health care resource needs and to track the course of the epidemic in various subgroups of pregnant women.
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PMID:Seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 among pregnant women. 162 22

To study the transmission rate of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in the female sexual partners of antibody-positive hemophilic males, 106 partners from three hemophilia centers located in Europe, America, and Australia were tested for HCV seropositivity using a first-generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA-1) and, subsequently, a second-generation ELISA (ELISA-2) and a supplemental recombinant immunoblot assay. Additionally, the cohort was tested for the presence of antibody to the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 and hepatitis B virus markers. No female partner was HCV antibody-positive using the ELISA-1 test, whereas five were seropositive by the ELISA-2 test. Three of these five female partners were seropositive on the supplemental test, the remaining two having indeterminate results, for an overall prevalence of 2.7%. Thus, even with the use of sensitive testing, the prevalence of HCV infection remains low in this cohort, showing that the efficiency of heterosexual transmission of HCV is poor.
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PMID:The low risk of hepatitis C virus transmission among sexual partners of hepatitis C-infected hemophilic males: an international, multicenter study. 162 5

The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) pandemic has highlighted the need for safeguards against the inadvertent transmission of infectious disease in the psychophysiology laboratory. These Guidelines identify factors contributing to the risk of bloodborne disease transmission to subjects or technicians, and recommend procedures to minimize such risk, given current knowledge and techniques. The lowest risk is associated with the application of devices, such as surface electrodes, to nonabraded, intact skin. Such devices should be clean, but do not require disinfection. The potential risk of infection is higher when surface electrodes are applied to non-intact skin. Abrasion, or other breaks in the skin, can allow seepage of blood products carrying such pathogens as hepatitis B virus and the human immunodeficiency virus that causes AIDS. Thus electrodes require high-level disinfection before reuse on non-intact skin. In addition, technicians should wear gloves during skin preparation and should abrade the skin no more than necessary, using only sterile, preferably non-sharp materials. The highest risk is that associated with items that enter sterile tissue, such as subdermal electrodes and the needles and lancets sometimes used in skin preparation. Such items must be sterile at the time of use and must be handled with extreme caution.
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PMID:Guidelines for reducing the risk of disease transmission in the psychophysiology laboratory. SPR Ad Hoc Committee on the Prevention of Disease Transmission. 163 55

A survey of persons soliciting sex in an area known to be frequented by prostitutes in Albuquerque, NM, included 43 females and 66 males. Seroprevalence rates found in this population-based study were as follows: human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), 3%; hepatitis B, 39%; hepatitis C, 45%. Increased age, intravenous drug use, and condom use were independent risk factors for hepatitis B. Female gender and intravenous drug use were independent risk factors for hepatitis C. Neither sharing injection equipment nor engaging in receptive anal intercourse was independently associated with hepatitis B or C.
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PMID:Seroprevalence of HIV-1 and hepatitis B and C in prostitutes in Albuquerque, New Mexico. 163 41

The products of the human hepatitis B virus (HBV) and woodchuck hepatitis B virus X genes (pXs) transactivate homologous and heterologous genes including the HBV-X and core promoters, the human immunodeficiency viruses 1 (HIV-1) and 2 (HIV-2) long terminal repeats and the beta interferon regulatory sequences. We report here that pX is also able to influence the expression of both extrachromosomal transfected c-myc regulatory sequences and endogenous c-myc gene. pX acts by increasing transcription of the c-myc gene and do not affect c-myc mRNAs stability. The presence of the first AUG of the X-ORFs is indeed necessary for the production of an active pX. The very carboxyterminus of the pX protein is dispensable for this transactivating activity and at least one domain important for its action is located between aminoacids 103 and 117.
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PMID:Full-length and truncated versions of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) X protein (pX) transactivate the cmyc protooncogene at the transcriptional level. 164 50

Quality-assurance sera (QAS) are prepared from pooled sera composed of thousands of individual donations. Previous studies documented that a substantial percentage of individual QAS test positive for viral disease markers, including antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus and to hepatitis B surface antigen. We tested 239 QAS from various proficiency programs and commercial sources to determine the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody. We tested samples for anti-HCV by using an enzyme immunoassay (EIA; Abbott Labs.) and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; Ortho Diagnostics). We observed an overall positive rate of 49% by one or both assays in all categories of sera tested. In addition, we found a greater rate of positivity (58%) in proficiency program samples than in commercial samples (43%). We found discrepant results between the two assays for 15 of 239 samples (6%). In the discrepant samples, the EIA result was positive, whereas the ELISA result was negative. Anti-HCV positivity in QAS has important implications for laboratory personnel handling these samples.
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PMID:Prevalence of non-A, non-B hepatitis/hepatitis C virus antibody in laboratory quality-assurance sera. 164 89


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