Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Forty-six patients with chronic hepatitis delta virus infection were followed between 6 and 116 mo (mean = 32.8 mo; median = 24 mo). Nineteen patients (41%) demonstrated clinical courses with episodes of biochemical reactivation (ALT levels greater than or equal to 10 times baseline values [group A]). Twenty-seven patients (59%) had stable clinical courses without biochemical reactivation (group B). Patients in group A were younger than those in group B (30.5 vs. 35.3 yr; p = 0.03), were less likely to be intravenous drug abusers (16% vs. 52%; p = 0.01) and were more likely to be homosexual (58% vs. 22%; p = 0.01). Serum hepatitis B virus DNA, hepatitis delta virus RNA, IgM antibody to HBc, HBeAg, antibody to HBe and IgG and IgM antibody to hepatitis delta virus were measured in all patients. In group A, these markers were studied before and during reactivation and during remission. In group B, these parameters were studied in a random fashion at 7- to 10-mo intervals. The presence of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus was assessed in all patients. A total of 38 biochemical reactivation episodes was noted among the 19 patients in group A. Eleven had sequential changes in hepatitis delta virus markers, suggesting that the exacerbations were due to hepatitis delta virus. In three, the sequential changes of viral markers were consistent with the exacerbations due to hepatitis B virus. In five other patients, no sequential changes in viral markers could be demonstrated to correlate with the biochemical exacerbations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Spontaneous exacerbation of disease activity in patients with chronic delta hepatitis infection: the role of hepatitis B, C or D? 138 Apr 78

Twenty Saudi children (mean age: 7.7 years) with chronic renal failure who had received several blood transfusions were screened for antibodies to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV), antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus (anti-HIV) and antibodies to the various markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV). Prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies was significantly higher in these patients (45%) than in controls (1%) (p less than 0.001). In contrast, the exposure rate to HBV was similar in both groups (15.0% in patients vs 16.8% in controls). These results underscored the high risk of acquiring HCV infection in patients on haemodialysis irrespective of age. Currently, practices such as screening blood for HBsAg and other preventive measures seem to be effective in controlling HBV but not HCV infection in patients on haemodialysis. Perhaps, as with HBV, a stringent policy regarding HCV should be implemented if HCV is to be controlled. None of our patients or controls was anti-HIV positive.
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PMID:Seropositivity to hepatitis C virus (HCV) in Saudi children with chronic renal failure maintained on haemodialysis. 138 99

A Gag protein segment of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) has been fused to a C terminally truncated core antigen of hepatitis B virus (HBcAg) using an E. coli expression system. Fusion of 90 amino acids of HIV-1 Gag protein to HBcAg still allowed the formation of capsids presenting on their surface epitopes of HIV-1 core protein, whereas fusion of 317, 189, or 100 amino acids of Gag prevented self-assembly of chimeric particles. Mice immunized with recombinant particles emulsified with Freund's complete adjuvant (CFA) or aluminium hydroxide developed high anti-HBcAg titers. However, anti-HIVp24 antibodies were detected only in mice inoculated with immunogen emulsified with CFA.
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PMID:Immunogenicity of recombinant core particles of hepatitis B virus containing epitopes of human immunodeficiency virus 1 core antigen. 138 12

To identify the importance of heterosexual activity as a possible route for the transmission of the hepatitis C virus (HCV), a screening of antibodies against HCV (anti-HCV) was performed in 200 sexually transmitted disease patients with different risks for incurring genital infections as well as in 100 registered prostitutes. Out of all 300 persons tested, 14 cases of HCV infection were detected. Anti-HCV was present in 3 of the prostitutes and in 11 of the STD patients. Evaluating known risk factors, such as intravenous drug use or blood transfusion, 6 out of the 11 STD patients and all of the prostitutes in whom anti-HCV was present were intravenous drug users and exhibited highly promiscuous behavior. Intravenous drug use was the probable means of acquisition in 9 of the 14 subjects in whom anti-HCV was present, and homosexual promiscuous behavior was assumed to be the means of acquisition in another 2 subjects. In heterosexual patients engaging in high-risk behavior (high number of sexual partners and genital infections), the exclusion of intravenous drug use decreased the prevalence of anti-HCV from 12.1% to 4.1%, demonstrating no significant increase from the prevalence among low-risk persons. Most of the patients were screened for STDs, such as syphilis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), trichomoniasis, and yeast infections. The highest rate of coinfection with anti-HCV was found in patients with serologic evidence of an HIV infection (50%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Seroepidemiologic study of hepatitis C virus in sexually transmitted disease risk groups. 138 51

The nucleoside analog 2',3'-dideoxyinosine, currently being used to treat patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus, has been shown to inhibit viral replication in certain cell culture systems of hepatitis B virus and the duck model of chronic hepatitis B infection. We studied the effect of dideoxyinosine on viral replication in patients with chronic hepatitis B. In the initial dose-finding phase, patients received sequential 2-wk courses of dideoxyinosine in escalating doses of 3, 6 and 9 mg/kg/day. In the second, long-term treatment phase, patients received dideoxyinosine at a dose of 9 mg/kg/day for 12 wk. Dideoxyinosine was given orally in three divided doses. The effects of dideoxyinosine on hepatitis B were assessed by serial measurements of ALT, hepatitis B virus DNA and DNA polymerase activity in serum. Six patients completed the dose-finding phase, and five patients continued into the long-term treatment phase. No significant differences were seen in serum aminotransferases, hepatitis B virus DNA levels or DNA polymerase activity at any time during treatment when compared with pretreatment levels. All patients remained positive for HBeAg during treatment and during 6 mo of follow-up. Thus at the doses tested, dideoxyinosine had no appreciable effect on viral replication in patients with chronic hepatitis B.
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PMID:A pilot study of 2',3'-dideoxyinosine for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. 139 94

Needlestick injury is the most important risk event for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B Virus (HBV) transmission to health-care workers. We examined phlebotomy practices, the frequency of needle stick injuries, the reporting of such injuries and hepatitis B status among interns in St James's Hospital during a six month period. This study took the form of a questionnaire. The response rate was 100%. 72% had at least one needlestick injury during this time period, 23% had injuries from known HIV sero-positive or hepatitis B surface antigen positive patients, less than 5% of all injuries were reported and only 41% of interns were definitely hepatitis B immune. The majority (77%) resheated needles by hand.
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PMID:Phlebotomy practices/needles stick injuries/hepatitis B status/among interns in a Dublin hospital. 139 72

Initial CD4 lymphocyte counts were studied in 244 patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seroconversion. The CD4 cell counts at initial presentation after seroconversion were normally distributed (mean, 579/mm3; SD, 252). The mean percentage of CD4 cells was 26.1% (SD, 5.6). CD4 cell counts were < 500/mm3 in 41% and < 200/mm3 in 4%. The mean calculated duration of HIV infection was 7.7 months, which was not significantly different between the highest and lowest CD4 count quartiles (8.1 vs. 7.9). Age, sex, race, and serologic evidence of toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B, syphilis, and varicella-zoster virus were not associated with initial low CD4 cell counts; however, never-married men were significantly overrepresented in the lowest quartile. These findings suggest that extensive CD4 lymphocyte depletion is common in early HIV infection and that frequent screening is necessary to identify newly infected patients who would benefit from antiretroviral therapy.
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PMID:Initial low CD4 lymphocyte counts in recent human immunodeficiency virus infection and lack of association with identified coinfections. 140 28

Subunit approaches to vaccines against viral diseases have resulted in the development of a number of methods for presentation of defined epitopes to the immune system. We have exploited a highly immunogenic presentation system based on hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) particles to produce a number of candidate vaccines against simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Recombinant particles have been produced in bacteria which carry multiple copies of defined or predicted neutralizing epitopes of SIV at a number of different sites within the particle. In parallel, a number of synthetic peptide-based SIV vaccines have been produced based on homology to reported neutralizing epitopes in human immunodeficiency virus. Although potent immune responses were elicited against both particulate and peptide forms of the antigen, neutralizing antibodies were not induced as judged by available assays.
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PMID:Stimulation of specific immune responses to simian immunodeficiency virus using chimeric hepatitis B core antigen particles. 140 1

Six patients positive for both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B were studied to assess the effect of dideoxyinosine (DDI) on hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication. Two patients died during the follow-up period and four had at least 8 weeks of therapy. One patient demonstrated HBV DNA suppression and became transiently negative. In the remaining five patients, there was no appreciable change in HBV DNA levels during DDI therapy. DDI was well tolerated in all patients, the only significant side effect being diarrhoea. It is concluded that DDI has no notable antiviral effect in patients with chronic HBV infection when coinfected with HIV.
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PMID:Dideoxyinosine for chronic hepatitis B infection. 140 28

Surgical gloves are important in protecting medical staff from exposure to pathogens during surgery, especially viruses such as hepatitis B and the human immunodeficiency virus. We have studied the incidence and circumstances of surgical glove perforation using a sensitive electronic device. The glove perforation rate during elective general surgery was compared with that seen during an anastomosis workshop, where surgical trainees operated in a laboratory setting. A total of 220 gloves were tested for perforations pre- and postoperatively during general elective surgical procedures. During the surgical training workshop 72 gloves were tested. Fifty-two gloves (24%) were perforated during surgical procedures. Among surgeons, consultants had a significantly lower perforation rate than trainees (26% vs 46%, P < 0.05, chi 2), that for assistants was much lower (9%). The perforation rate for scrub nurses was surprisingly high at 22%. Glove perforation among trainees was significantly lower during workshop procedures than at elective surgery (17% vs 46%, P < 0.05, chi 2), probably because glove perforation occurs commonly at wound closure. Glove perforation remains very common, particularly among surgical trainees. Glove perforation should be reduced by teaching better techniques, especially 'no-touch', particularly for wound closure.
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PMID:Glove perforation during surgery: what are the risks? 141 98


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