Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Intravenous drug users are frequently exposed to parenterally transmitted viral infections, and these infections can spread to the general population through sexual activity. We investigated the prevalence of serologic markers for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I/II (HTLV-I/II), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) in intravenous drug users and their sexual contacts. Of 585 drug users from northern California tested for these serologic markers, 72% were reactive for the antibody to HCV, 71% for the antibody to hepatitis B core antigen, 12% for HTLV-I/II antibodies, and 1% for the HIV-1 antibody. The prevalence of serologic markers for these four viruses correlated with the duration of intravenous drug use, the ethnic group, and the drug of choice. More than 85% of subjects infected with either HCV or HBV were coinfected with the other virus. All persons reactive to HTLV-I/II antibodies had antibodies for either HBV or HCV. Of 81 sexual contacts tested, 17% had evidence of HBV infection while only 6% were reactive for HTLV-I/II antibodies and 4% for the antibody to HCV. None of this group was infected with HIV-1. We conclude that HTLV-I/II and HCV are inefficiently transmitted to sexual contacts while HBV is spread more readily. Programs designed to discourage the sharing of drug paraphernalia, such as needle and syringe exchanges, should decrease the risk of parenterally spread viral infections in intravenous drug users and thus slow the spread of these infections to the general population.
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PMID:Seroepidemiology of viral infections among intravenous drug users in northern California. 131 Mar 62

Serum samples of 151 intravenous drug users were tested for markers of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV and HTLV-I infection to estimate the prevalence of blood born virus infection in this high risk group. Anti HCV antibodies were found in 75% of sera. Seroprevalence for HIV was found 13%, for hepatitis B markers 68% and none for HTLV-I. Multiple infections have been very frequent.
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PMID:[Antibody prevalence for hepatitis C and other parenterally transmissible viral diseases in i. v. drug dependent patients]. 132 51

To investigate the prevalence of four blood-borne viruses among a cohort of haemodialysis (HD) patients in Japan, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibody to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV), antibody to human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-I (anti-HTLV-I), and antibody to human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (anti-HIV-1) were studied in the sera from 393 consecutive HD patients and in the sera from 786 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals from the general population (controls). The prevalence of anti-HCV and anti-HTLV-I was significantly higher in HD patients than in the controls (17.8% vs. 1.1% and 3.8% vs. 0.5%), but the prevalence of HBsAg showed no significant difference. No patients or controls were positive for anti-HIV-1. In HD patients with no history of blood transfusion, anti-HCV was detected in only one (2.1%) of 48 patients undergoing HD treatment for less than 3 years, and there was no significant difference between the prevalence of anti-HCV in these patients and in the controls. In HD patients who had received blood transfusion, anti-HTLV-I was detected in only one (1.0%) of 103 patients undergoing HD treatment for less than 3 years, and there was no significant difference between the prevalence of anti-HTLV-I in these patients and in the controls. These findings suggest that in recent years, the risk of HCV transmission by routes other than blood transfusion in HD patients is low, and that of HTLV-I transmission by transfusion is very low or non-existent.
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PMID:Prevalence of four blood-borne viruses (HBV, HCV, HTLV-I, HIV-1) among haemodialysis patients in Japan. 157 19

We tested for antibodies to hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human T lymphotropic virus type-I (HTLV-I) in 629 normal inhabitants of an adult T cell leukemia (ATL) endemic area and in patients with ATL, HTLV-I associated myelopathy (HAM), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from the same district. The prevalence of serological positivity for each virus was 28.0, 6.4, and 32.6%, respectively, among the 629 inhabitants. There was a positive association between the presence of anti-HCV and serological HTLV-I positive or negative status of these subjects (9.3% vs 5.0%). Conversely, there was no correlation between HBV and HTLV-I serologic prevalence. Only inhabitants positive for anti-HCV showed significantly high serum aminotransferase levels. The levels were not affected by superimposed HTLV-I infection among anti-HCV positives. Fifty three percent of HCC patients were positive for anti-HCV; 35% of whom were simultaneously positive for antibody to HTLV-I. On the other hand, only 2 ATL patients (4.2%) and 2 HAM patients (7.7%) had anti-HCV. These findings suggest that high serum aminotransferase levels are mainly caused by HCV infection and persons with HCV and HTLV-I double infections are at a high risk for the development of HCC but not ATL or HAM.
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PMID:Cohort study of hepatotropic virus and human T lymphotropic virus type-I infections in an area endemic for adult T cell leukemia. 166 77

Previously we showed that mononuclear cells from about half of human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-seropositive persons exhibit spontaneous proliferation in vitro. We sought to determine if proliferation was associated with other immunologic changes characteristic of HTLV infection. The parameters assessed were (1) percentages of lymphocytes expressing CD4 and/or CD25 (interleukin-2 receptor), (2) serum levels of soluble CD25, (3) serostatus for other viruses, (4) anti-HTLV antibody levels, and (5) HTLV type determined by polymerase chain reaction or serologic reactivity with type-specific peptides. The proliferation+ HTLV (PROL+) group, proliferation HTLV (PROL-) group, and control group showed similar percentages of CD4+, CD25+, and CD4+CD25+ lymphocytes; serum levels of soluble CD25 were also similar. Antibodies to cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B core, and hepatitis C were present in similar proportions of PROL+ and PROL+ groups. However, a significant association was found between spontaneous proliferation and anti-HTLV antibody levels; sera from 67% of PROL+ persons, but only 18% of PROL- persons, required dilution to yield absorbance values within the linear range of the anti-HTLV antibody assay. In the PROL+ group, persons whose sera required the most dilution had proliferative responses significantly higher than those whose sera required no dilution. The PROL+ and PROL groups were similar with regard to the relative distribution of HTLV-I and HTLV-II infection. These findings indicate that HTLV-related spontaneous lymphocyte proliferation is related to levels of circulating anti-HTLV antibodies, and characterizes both HTLV-I and HTLV-II infection.
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PMID:Immunologic correlates of spontaneous lymphocyte proliferation in human T-lymphotropic virus infection. 167 16

Twenty-seven patients suffering from congenital coagulation defects of the prothrombin complex factors were investigated: six had haemophilia B; 14, factor VII defect; four, factor X defect; and three, factor II defect. Nineteen patients (70.3%) had previously received plasma and/or clotting factors concentrates. Among these, markers of hepatitis B infection (HBV) were present in five cases (26.3%) and hepatitis C (HCV) antibodies were found in seven cases (36.8%). The HIV1 prevalence was similarly high. In fact, five patients (26.3%), previously infused with factor IX or prothrombin complex factors concentrates, developed HIV1 infection. No patient with factor VII deficiency became HIV1 positive, despite the administration of unheated factor VII concentrates and the consequent HBV and HCV contamination. In the HIV1 positive group, three patients showed a false positivity for HIV2 antibodies. Five years after seroconversion, three patients developed AIDS (stage IV) and died, one had persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (stage III), and one with post-hepatitis liver cirrhosis was asymptomatic (stage II) for HIV infection. The significant decrease in total white cells, T4 lymphocytes and platelet counts and increase of beta 2-microglobulin and neopterin levels confirmed the prognostic value of these markers for the progression of HIV1 disease. Only one HIV1 negative transfused patient developed anti-HTLV-I p19 antibodies.
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PMID:Prevalence of HIV infection in a cohort of patients with congenital coagulation defects of the prothrombin complex factors. 178 37

A matched-pair, cross-sectional study of lymphocyte and serological parameters associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in 189 randomly chosen, ostensibly healthy adult Haitian immigrants residing in Montreal matched for sex, age (within 5 years), and neighborhood of residence to 189 non-Haitian (Caucasian) controls was done in 1983-1984. Three years later (1986-1987), 41 of the Haitian study subjects and 83 of the non-Haitian controls participated in a follow-up study centered on lymphocyte parameters. A significantly greater number of Haitians than controls had produced antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii. In addition, a greater percentage of the Haitians than the controls were also producing antibodies to two other opportunistic pathogens frequently encountered in AIDS, cytomegalovirus and hepatitis B virus, implying that the Haitians in general had had greater exposure to a variety of infectious agents than had the controls. A few study participants were producing antibodies against two viruses that are related to the human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1), the human T-cell lymphotropic viruses I and II (HTLV-I and -II). Two Haitians and one control were producing antibodies against HTLV-I. One study subject and four controls were HTLV-II seropositive. The most interesting and surprising finding was that four (2.1%) of the Haitian study subjects but none of the controls were seropositive for HIV-1. These individuals, two of whom were women and two men, were asymptomatic. Although their individual lymphocyte parameter values fell in the normal range, as a group they had statistically significantly lower average values for their lymphocyte parameters than did the HIV-seronegative Haitian study objects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Anti-HIV antibodies and other serological and immunological parameters among normal Haitians in Montreal. 215

Seroprevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-I) among a sample of persons selected from a government register of businesses in Trinidad was 3.2% in 1,025 persons of African descent compared to 0.2% among 487 persons of Asian descent and 0% among 46 persons of European-descent. In Tobago, from a coastal village, among persons of African ancestry ascertained as part of a cardiovascular survey, the rate was 11.4%, which was significantly higher when corrected for age and race than the rate in Trinidad. The seroprevalence rate of antibodies to hepatitis A and B was also significantly elevated in Tobago compared to Trinidad. HTLV-I seroprevalence rates were higher in females than males while hepatitis A and B rates were not significantly different in the two sexes. For males, age was a significant determinant of HTLV-I seropositivity, while for females, age, markers of poor sanitation, and hepatitis B were each independently linked to HTLV-I seropositivity. The frequent occurrence of multiple infectious exposures in persons of lower socioeconomic circumstances in this tropical environment may result in immune activation that heightens susceptibility to HTLV-I infection.
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PMID:A study of HTLV-I and its associated risk factors in Trinidad and Tobago. 221 11

The human hepatitis B virus (HBV) X gene encodes a general transactivator which was suggested to be a potential factor in viral hepatocarcinogenesis. We show here that this protein transactivates the HBV enhancer linked either to the X gene promoter or heterologous promoters. Analysis of individual elements of the HBV enhancer revealed that the E element is sufficient to respond to X and is termed hence the X responsive element (XRE). Interestingly, XRE shares sequence similarity with the HTLV-I taxI responsive element (21 bp repeat or taxRE), and both elements bind similar nuclear proteins. The functional significance of this sequence similarity was demonstrated by the ability of XRE to respond to taxI. We also show that both X and taxI have the capacity to activate transcription through a second cis element, the NF-kappa B binding site. The response pattern of these viral regulators is also similar and both act in a concentration dependent manner. They are very active in low amounts, but almost inactive at high concentrations. Based on these observations, we suggest a common mechanism of action by regulator genes of distinct viruses.
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PMID:The identification of hepatitis B virus X gene responsive elements reveals functional similarity of X and HTLV-I tax. 235 21

Sera from 69 adult prostitutes, 139 juveniles in the reformatory for boys, and 63 juveniles in the reformatory for girls, were collected between 1986 and 1987 in Fukuoka City. These samples were tested for the presence of antibody to human T-cell leukemia virus type-I (anti-HTLV-I), for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), and for antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc). The juveniles in the reformatory for girls were surveyed for the incidence of venereal diseases (VD) and for a history of intravenous drug use. Anti-HTLV-I was detected in 5.8% of the prostitutes, 0.7% of the boys, and 1.6% of the girls. Prevalence of anti-HTLV-I among the prostitutes was higher than that among the controls, but no significant difference was recognized. HBsAg was detected in 7.2% of the prostitutes, but was absent in the boys and girls. Prevalence of HBsAg among the prostitutes was higher than that among the controls, but no significant difference was recognized. Anti-HBs was detected in 39.1% of the prostitutes, 10.1% of the juvenile boys, and 17.5% of the juvenile girls. In each group prevalence of anti-HBc was higher than that in the controls. Especially between the prostitutes and the controls a significant difference was recognized (p less than 0.005). In the reformatory for girls anti-HBc was detected in 40.0% of 11 girls who were exposed to VD and in 7.0% of 43 girls who were not exposed to VD. Prevalence of anti-HBc among the exposed group was significantly higher than that among the non-exposed group (p less than 0.005).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[An epidemiological study of HBV and HTLV-I among high risk groups in Fukuoka City]. 240 7


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