Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In preparation for studies using gene transfer, we have identified transcriptional control elements which are active in primary rat hepatocytes. We used plasmids which were constructed so that the promoter or enhancer of interest initiated transcription of the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene. Plasmids were introduced into primary rat hepatocytes in culture, into Hep G2 cells and other human and animal cell lines and into bone marrow stromal cells, and CAT activity was assayed after 48 hr. In primary rat hepatocytes, the highest CAT activity was obtained with plasmids carrying the Rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat (pRSVCAT), or the SV40 early region promoter and enhancer (pSV2CAT). Hepatocytes carrying the murine cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter (pUCRNmCMVX/HCAT) also had appreciable CAT activity. No CAT activity was detected in rat hepatocytes carrying pSVOCAT (a promoterless construct), pUCRNtKCAT (herpes simplex thymidine kinase gene promoter), pLPVCAT (lymphocytotrophic papovavirus promoter) and pHBV1CAT (hepatitis B virus enhancer and core gene promoter). Therefore, for future studies of gene transfer in primary rat hepatocytes, the Rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat or the SV40 early region promoter and enhancer can be effectively used to drive gene expression. Hep G2 cells carrying pHBV1CAT had high CAT activity. Hep G2 cells carrying pHBV2CAT (similar to pHBV1CAT, but with the hepatitis B virus sequences in reverse orientation with respect to the CAT sequences) and pHBV3CAT (similar to pHBV2CAT, but hepatitis B virus sequences are separated from the CAT sequences by about 700 bases) also expressed CAT activity, but not as strongly as with pHBV1CAT.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Tissue-specific activity of heterologous viral promoters in primary rat hepatocytes and Hep G2 cells. 280 56

We have prospectively followed for 9-12 months, 246 female health care workers (HCWs): 102 with high exposure (HE), 43 with low exposure (LE), and 101 with no exposure (NE) to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) patients. No HCWs have clinical, serologic, or immunologic evidence of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection. No HCWs in the HE group seroconverted to cytomegalovirus (CMV). One HCW in the HE group seroconverted to Hepatitis B virus (HBV), another HCW in the HE group seroconverted to herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) although all three groups were similar with respect to HBV and HSV-2 seropositivity. If hospital infection control practices are employed when HCWs care for AIDS patients or work with their biological specimens, the risk of occupationally acquiring a HIV, CMV, HBV or HSV-2 infection appears to be low.
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PMID:Occupational risk of HIV, HBV and HSV-2 infections in health care personnel caring for AIDS patients. 282 Feb 52

The prevalence of serum antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV) and of hepatitis B virus (HBV) markers was investigated in different population groups, including prostitutes, in Mogadishu, Somalia. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was detected in 37% of pregnant women, 4% of neonates, 22% of educated women, and 20% of prostitutes. No significant difference between the groups was observed for HBV. In contrast to figures reported from South East Asia, the prevalence of hepatitis Be antigen (HBeAg) was 18% in prostitutes and only 3% in all other HBsAg positive subjects. The prevalence of antibodies to HSV (100%) and CMV (90%) was very high, but antibodies against HIV were not detected in any of 471 sera. As the routes of transmission for HBV and HIV infections are considered to be similar, HIV will probably spread rapidly in Somalia once this virus has been introduced into the country.
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PMID:Sexually transmitted viral infections in various population groups in Mogadishu, Somalia. 282 36

As Singapore is a densely populated island, and also a major air and sea port, the importation and dissemination of viral infections is facilitated. Respiratory viral infections have the highest prevalence rates, influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) being the most important ones. Seasonal variation occurs with influenza, RSV and parainfluenza virus type 1 infections. The age distribution and clinical picture associated with infections due to the various respiratory viruses are similar to those reported in other countries. Carrier rates for hepatitis B are high, but differ in the three major ethnic groups, vertical transmission from infected mothers being an important mode of transmission. Outbreaks of hepatitis A have been associated with the consumption of inadequately cooked shellfish. Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus infections are acquired early in life and herpes simplex, more slowly. Genital herpes is increasing in incidence. Coxsackievirus A24 and enterovirus 70 have caused major epidemics of acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis at 5-10 year intervals. Outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease due to coxsackievirus A16 have also occurred. With the declining incidence of dengue haemorrhagic fever, the percentage of susceptible individuals in children under 10 years, has increased markedly. Epidemics of rubella which occurred during the past decade, together with immunisation, have increased herd immunity to this virus.
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PMID:Epidemiology of viral infections in Singapore. 282 85

The incidence of intrauterine infections during pregnancy is estimated to be about 14% when laboratory methods of detection are used. The commonest infections are cytomegalovirus infection, congenital rubella followed by herpes simplex. Hepatitis B virus infection occurs fairly frequently in this region of the world. Congenital syphilis, now highly treatable, is largely under control. Preventive measures are necessary since the lesions caused by some intrauterine infections are permanent and damaging. Immunisation against hepatitis and rubella is effective. Most of these infections are spread by close intimate contact. Hence, avoidance of such contact with persons with suspected infections would be wise during pregnancy.
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PMID:Intra-uterine infections. 283 51

Previously we showed that mice immunized with a vaccinia virus vector expressing the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) glycoprotein D (gD) gene (vaccinia/gD) were protected against both lethal and latent infections with HSV-1 for at least 6 weeks after immunization (K. J. Cremer, M. Mackett, C. Wohlenberg, A. L. Notkins, and B. Moss, Science 228:737-740, 1985). In the experiments described here, we examined long-term immunity to HSV following vaccinia/gD vaccination, the effect of revaccination with vaccinia/gD, and the impact of previous immunity to vaccinia virus on immunization with the gD recombinant. Mice immunized with vaccinia/gD showed 100, 100, and 80% protection against lethal infection with HSV-1 at 18, 44, and 60 weeks postimmunization, respectively. Protection against latent trigeminal ganglionic infection was 70, 50, and 31% at 6, 41, and 60 weeks postvaccination, respectively. To study the effect of reimmunization on antibody levels, mice vaccinated with vaccinia/gD were given a second immunization (booster dose) 3 months after the first. These mice developed a 10-fold increase in neutralizing-antibody titer (221 to 2,934) and demonstrated a significant increase in protection against lethal HSV-1 challenge compared with animals that received only one dose of vaccinia/gD. To determine whether preexisting immunity to vaccinia virus inhibited the response to vaccination with vaccinia/gD virus, mice were immunized with a recombinant vaccinia virus vector expressing antigens from either influenza A or hepatitis B virus and were then immunized (2 to 3 months later) with vaccinia/gD. These mice showed reduced titers of neutralizing antibody to HSV-1 and decreased protection against both lethal and latent infections with HSV-1 compared with animals vaccinated only with vaccinia/gD. We conclude that vaccination with vaccinia/gD produces immunity against HSV-1 that lasts over 1 year and that this immunity can be increased by a booster but that prior immunization with a vaccinia recombinant virus expressing a non-HSV gene reduces the levels of neutralizing antibody and protective immunity against HSV-1 challenge.
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PMID:Immunization with a vaccinia virus recombinant expressing herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein D: long-term protection and effect of revaccination. 283 6

The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a devastating new disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This retrovirus causes profound immunoincompetence in its infected hosts, who are thereafter susceptible to develop myriad severe and relapsing protozoal, fungal, bacterial, viral, and arthropodal opportunistic infections, as well as unusual malignancies. The more than 50,000 patients who have developed AIDS in the United States have produced a sudden unexpected deluge of diagnostic dilemmas that are stressing laboratories of pathology everywhere. This paper describes the gross and microscopic pathology of the numerous complications in patients infected by HIV: (a) the prodromal AIDS-related complex with persistent generalized lymphadenopathy, (b) lymphoid infiltration of salivary gland and lung, including the complex of lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis-pulmonary lymphoid hyperplasia, (c) extranodal non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, (d) multifocal mucocutaneous and visceral Kaposi's sarcoma, (e) small cell undifferentiated (oat cell) carcinomas, (f) protozoal infections caused by Pneumocystis carinii, Toxoplasma gondii, Acanthamoeba, Cryptosporidium species (sp.), and Isospora belli, (g) the causes of chronic enteritis, (h) mycotic infections caused by Candida sp., Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, and Sporothrix schenckii, (i) bacterial infections caused by Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, M. tuberculosis, M. kansasii, Nocardia sp., Listeria monocytogenes, Legionella sp., Treponema pallidum, and others, (j) viral infections caused by cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex and zoster, polyomavirus (progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy), hepatitis B, molluscum contagiosum, and papillomavirus, (k) oral hairy leukoplakia, (l) subacute encephalopathy, and (m) Norwegian scabies.
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PMID:The pathology of AIDS. 283 78

Immune blotting analysis was used to study antibody production to virion proteins of vaccinia virus (VV) in response to inoculation of human volunteers and rabbits with VV (LIVP strain) and its genetic engineering recombinant variants carrying a gene of hepatitis B virus surface antigen (LIOGEN-HB/C2-TK-) and, plus to that, the TK gene of herpes simplex virus (LIOGEN-HB/C2-TK+). In the blood of human subjects vaccinated 10-15 years earlier antibodies to many virion proteins were demonstrated: not only to surface 42K, 35K, 11K, but also to nucleoid proteins 135K, 88K, 62K, 60K, 26K. Vaccination with genetic engineering viruses results in stimulation of synthesis of antibodies to VV virion proteins. No differences in the antigenic properties of recombinant viruses were found. The results obtained in model experiments in rabbits verified those obtained in human volunteers.
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PMID:[Analysis of antibody formation to the vaccinia virus in human subjects and rabbits in response to the administration of a recombinant vaccinia-hepatitis B vaccine]. 284 61

Immunologic properties of vaccinia virus (VV), strain LIPV, and VV recombinant strains containing the gene of hepatitis B virus surface antigen and the TK gene of herpes simplex virus (HSV) have been studied. Production of antibodies against the majority of VV structural proteins, including nucleocapsid internal proteins was demonstrated in rabbits. Insertion of heterologous genes into the VV genome was without effect on the spectrum of antibodies produced against VV virion proteins. The data obtained in volunteers indicate that not only virus-neutralizing antibodies but also antibodies against most VV structural proteins are preserved in humans over many years. Reimmunization of volunteers with VV recombinant stimulates synthesis of antibodies against virion proteins whereas the spectrum of antibodies remains unchanged. Humans and rabbits did not differ in the spectrum of antibodies to VV virion proteins.
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PMID:Antigenic properties of vaccinia virus and of the virus recombinant strains expressing heterologous genes. 290 35

The hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome carries an open reading frame of 462 bases, the X region, but the corresponding protein has yet to be identified as a natural product. In rodent cells cotransformed with the thymidine kinase gene of herpes simplex virus and HBV DNA, however, Gough [1983] identified a mRNA that hybridises uniquely with the X region of the HBV genome. A large fragment of the X region was inserted into plasmid pCL19 delta Y-T in order to produce, in Escherichia coli, the X gene product, HBxAg, as a polypeptide fused to the N-terminal part of the phage lambda cro gene product. Antisera raised against this fused polypeptide gave positive immunofluorescence reactions with the transformed rodent cells. This provides direct evidence for the expression of the HBxAg gene in eukaryotic cells transformed with HBV DNA. The approach used here should be generally applicable.
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PMID:Expression of the X gene of hepatitis B virus. 294 12


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