Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Studies on sexually transmitted diseases (STD) during the previous years in Mexico are discussed. The information sources were: a) Surveys among commercial sex workers. Since 1990, 1,386 women have been studied in four federal states through structured questionnaires and laboratory tests. Prevalence of different STD's has been significant (syphilis (VDRL, FTA-abs) 23.7%; chlamydiosis (Ag IF) 12.9%; gonorrhea (Ag, ELISA) 11.5%; anti-HBs 11.0%; herpes 1,2 (IgM) 9.3%, HBsAg 5.7%. Frequency of HIV (ELISA, Western blot) has been low; 0.5%. In 1994, 662 women were studied in Mexico City, with different laboratory techniques for chlamydiosis and gonorrhea (culture), hepatitis B (anticore antibodies) and herpes (total antibodies) with the following results: syphilis 1.5-12%; chlamydiosis 10.8-11.7%; gonorrhea 0-5.9%; hepatitis B 0-7.1%; herpes 44.7-78%; and HIV 0-1.4%. b) Surveys among men with homosexual and bisexual practices. 325 subjects have been studied in three federal states using methods similar to those of the 1990 survey. Contrasting with results among women, HIV prevalence was found to be high; (18.8%), and considerable for other STD's: anti-HBsAg 28.6%, syphilis 34.9%, recent herpes 10.9%, HBsAg 5.0%, chlamydiosis (Ag, IF) 4.3%, herpes simplex 1,2 (Ag, IF) 4.7%, gonorrhea (Ag, ELISA) 2.8%. c) Patient clinical studies. The clinical interrelationship between different STD and HIV infection has been studied; clinical differences are described between patients with condylomata or syphilis depending on HIV serostatus. Implications of the interrelationship between different STD's and HIV infection for the prevention and control of these diseases are discussed.
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PMID:[Sexually transmitted diseases and the HIV/AIDS epidemic]. 859 29

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are often discussed in the context of herpes, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and AIDS. Viral hepatitis, specifically hepatitis B, is also an STD often omitted from these discussions. The incidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is variable throughout the world. In North America, the highest incidence occurs in patients who are between the ages of 15 and 25 years. Safe and effective vaccines are available to prevent HBV infection, which has an associated increased risk of chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma in the carrier state. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a newly identified hepatotrophic virus that may also be sexually transmitted. There are no vaccines for the prevention of HCV infection and the majority of those who are infected become chronic carriers with chronic liver disease. Discussions focused on the prevention of STDs must include counseling for the prevention of HBV and HCV.
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PMID:Viral hepatitis: a sexually transmitted disease? 878 58

In an ongoing study we evaluated 71 males and 32 females attending our sexually transmitted diseases (STD) clinic. Intraurethral or endocervical swab specimens were cultured for Neisseria gonorrhea (NG), Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU), Mycoplasma homines (MH), Herpes simplex virus (HSV) and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), using an ELISA technique and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). HIV antigen, hepatitis B (HBV) and Treponema pallidum (TP) seropositivity were tested by ELISA. Mean age was 33.4 and range 15-72 years. 83 patients (81%) used condoms only rarely, 35 (35%) had multiple sexual partners and 83 (81%) were treated empirically prior to evaluation. Dysuria and urethral discharge were found in 47 (45.6%), of whom 34 (33%) were males; the majority of females were asymptomatic. A specific etiology for STD was found in 53 patients (51.4%) and 1/3 had more than 1 pathogen. CT, UU, MH, HSV, NG and TV were found in 27, 24, 5, 3, 2 and 1, respectively. 8 patients were seropositive for HBV and 1 for TP; all were seronegative for HIV. CT was the most prevalent pathogen found. All patients with STD symptoms should be screened for all sexually transmitted pathogens, since many of them have more than 1 pathogen. STD clinics in Israel should be developed in conjunction with microbiology laboratories for better management of STD in the community.
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PMID:[Diagnostic and therapeutic approach to sexually transmitted diseases]. 888 2

To investigate the role of sexual transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in East Africa, a cross-sectional serosurvey was conducted in 3 populations with potentially divergent exposure to sexually acquired pathogens. Included were 253 voluntary blood donors (predominantly secondary school students), 952 relative blood donors, and 1025 patients with sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) from Mwanza, Tanzania. The overall prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)--a measure of current infection--was 9.9% in voluntary donors, 11.2% in relative donors, and 8.1% in STD patients, with a 2.2:1 carrier ratio of men to women. The prevalences of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), anti-hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc), and past or recent syphilis were significantly lower among voluntary donors than in the other 2 groups. Evidence of past infection with HBV (anti-HBc) was associated with recent syphilis in both men and women (odds ratios (ORs), 1.91 and 2.34, respectively) and with HIV in men (OR, 1.93). Current infection with HBV (HBsAg) was associated with recent syphilis in men (OR, 2.13). In STD patients, current HBV was associated with Trichomonas vaginalis in women (OR, 3.57) and recent syphilis in men (OR, 3.46). There was no significant association between HBV and gonorrhea. Based on the association between syphilis and HBV, the population attributable fraction for sexual acquisition of HBV is estimated at 7.2% in men and 3.0% in women. Overall, these findings suggest that the sexual acquisition of HBV occurs at low levels in Mwanza. Improved vaccination strategies, early detection and treatment of syphilis, and programs aimed at reducing HIV transmission should enhance the control of HBV.
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PMID:Sexual transmission of hepatitis B in Mwanza, Tanzania. 913 77

Analysis of the pattern of various sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in a given region is essential to the design of surveillance programs and syndromic management protocols since the pattern varies from area to area. Enrolled in the present study were 215 consecutive, first-time STD clinic attenders at a teaching hospital in Bombay, India, in October 1995. Patients were grouped into 5 categories--genital ulcer disease, genital discharges, buboes, genital growths, and others--and tested accordingly. The mean age of the 193 male STD patients was 26.6 years, while that of the 22 female patients was 22.9 years. Genital ulcer disease constituted 73.5% of all STDs in this series, while 15.8% were discharges and 10.2% were genital growths. Ulcers were chancroid (51.9%), genital herpes (29.1%), and syphilis (14.5%). 76.5% of genital discharges were due to gonococcal infection. HIV was detected in 60 men (31.1%) and 7 women (31.8%), for an overall prevalence of 31.2%. 70.1% were infected with HIV-1, 8.9% with HIV-2, and 21% were positive for both HIV-1 and HIV-2. The high rate of ulcerative STD in this sample is a likely co-factor in the high HIV prevalence. Hepatitis B surface antigen prevalence was 8.8%, and one-quarter of these patients were also HIV-infected. This finding indicates a need for more widespread hepatitis B vaccination in India.
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PMID:High occurrence of HBV among STD clinic attenders in Bombay, India. 959 52

By 1990, all 50 states were using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Electronic Telecommunications System for Surveillance to report individual case data that included demographic information (without personal identifiers) about most notifiable diseases. This analysis of National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) data is useful for evaluating the distribution of reported notifiable infectious diseases among adult women by age and race. The number of cases of the 48 nationally notifiable infectious diseases reported among adult women (i.e., women > or = 15 years of age) were compiled for 1992-1994. These data were then analyzed by age and race, and rates per 100,000 adult women were calculated. During 1992-1994, the 10 most commonly reported nationally notifiable diseases among adult women in the United States were, in descending order of frequency, gonorrhea, primary/secondary syphilis, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), salmonellosis, tuberculosis, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, shigellosis, Lyme disease, and hepatitis C/non-A non-B. Gonorrhea was the most commonly reported notifiable infectious disease for women of all ages, except those ages > or = 55 years, and for women of all races, except Asian/Pacific Islanders. Tuberculosis was the most commonly reported infectious disease among women of Asian/Pacific Island descent. Analysis of NNDSS data provides information about the relative reported burden of diseases among women of all ages and different races. This information may be used for targeting research, prevention, and control efforts.
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PMID:Differences in notifiable infectious disease morbidity among adult women--United States, 1992-1994. 961 3

In the presence of the low spread of HIV infection a sharp increase in sexually transmitted diseases is noted. Nevertheless, taking into account a rise in STD, the reality of the potential risk of the spread of HIV is emphasized. Thus, in 1996 morbidity is syphilis was found to grow 7.2 times in comparison with 1992, amounting to 37.5 cases per 100,000 of the population; morbidity in gonorrhea amounted to 32.4 cases per 100,000 of the population with the proportion coming to medical institutions not exceeding 30%. A high proportion of hepatitis B virus carriers was also established (from 15% to 30% of healthy persons), while morbidity in virus hepatitides rose twofold for the period of 1994-1995. During recent years the service for the prophylaxis of AIDS was noted to considerably decrease measures on mass screening. At the same time the article attracts attention to the necessity of increasing the work on the dissemination of information and education on HIV/AIDS drug among addicts, prostitutes and homosexuals. The Draft National Program of the Prophylaxis of HIV infection and STD for 1998-2002 has been worked out. Great importance of methodological and financial assistance rendered since 1994 by international organizations, including WHO, UNFPA, etc., have been emphasized.
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PMID:[The epidemiological characteristics of HIV infection in Turkmenistan]. 1009 88

An HIV seroincidence study was conducted to identify a high-risk population for HIV prevention trials. Inclusion criteria were male gender, homosexual behavior, age between 18 and 50 years, and negative HIV serostatus; 862 study subjects were screened and 753 were enrolled and observed during follow-up for a mean of 1.5 years. In this population, 34 people had HIV seroconversions for an overall annual seroincidence of 3.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.1%-4.1%). Among study subjects <20 years old, annual incidence was 8.4% (95% CI, 1.7%-15%). Independent risk factors for seroconversion were age <25 years (p = .01), hepatitis B core antibody seropositivity (p > .01), sex at first encounter in the preceding 6 months (p = .11), and a history of gonorrhea or condyloma in the 6 months before seroconversion (p = .04 and p = .08, respectively). At enrollment, 85% of the eventual seroconverters said they would participate in a vaccine trial; all agreed to participate when told there would be a placebo arm. Follow-up rates were 97%, 91%, and 88% at 6, 12, and 18 months, respectively. The HIV-1 subtype was B for each of the first 17 seroconverters. These data demonstrate the suitability of this cohort for HIV prevention trials, based on high HIV incidence and retention rates, and a willingness to participate in such trials.
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PMID:Incident HIV infection in a high-risk, homosexual, male cohort in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 1045 22

To better understand the prevalence, incidence, and risk factors for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among female adolescents, a prospective 6-month cohort study was conducted at four teen clinics in a southeastern city. At enrollment, 260 (40%) of 650 sexually active females ages 14-19 years had an STD: chlamydia, 27%; herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), 14%; gonorrhea, 6%; trichomoniasis, 3%; and hepatitis B, 2%. At follow-up, 112 (23%) of 501 participants had an incident infection: chlamydia, 18%; HSV-2, 4%; gonorrhea, 4%; and trichomoniasis, 3%. At either enrollment or follow-up, 53% had >/=1 STD; of those with 1 lifetime partner, 30% had an STD. Having a new partner (odds ratio [OR], 2.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1. 1-4.2) or friends who sell cocaine (OR, 1.6; CI, 1.0-2.6) was independently associated with incident infection. STD incidence and prevalence were extremely high in this population, even in teenagers with only 1 lifetime partner. Individual risk behaviors appeared less important for STD risk than population factors.
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PMID:High prevalence and incidence of sexually transmitted diseases in urban adolescent females despite moderate risk behaviors. 1051 25

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention updated its guidelines for the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. The guidelines include the following information: recommendations for hepatitis A immunization and expanded indications for hepatitis B vaccination; updated diagnostic criteria for pelvic inflammatory disease and parenteral treatment regimens; information on two additional antiviral agents for the treatment of genital herpes; a recommendation for use of a single 1-g dose of azithromycin (Zithromax) to treat urethritis and chlamydial cervicitis; information on the use of quinolones in the treatment of gonococcal infections; information on podofilox and imiquimod, which are both patient-applied medications, in the treatment of noncervical human papillomavirus infection; updated guidelines for the prevention and detection of congenital syphilis; and information on how to prevent the spread of sexually transmitted diseases by educating patients about the importance of changing their sexual behaviors. To have a significant impact on the current rate of transmission of sexually transmitted diseases, family physicians should develop a plan to integrate the guidelines into their practices.
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PMID:Update on the prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. 1067 May 4


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