Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Intravenous drug users (IVDUs) in Seattle (n = 213) were studied to identify the prevalence and predominant types of and risk factors for human T cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) infection. Detailed questionnaires, serologic screening, and polymerase chain reaction analysis (for a subset) were used. Evidence of HTLV infection was found in 16.5%, of which 89% were HTLV-II. HTLV infection was significantly associated with nonwhite race, older age, more years of intravenous drug use, prior use of heroin, history of gonorrhea, history of any sexually transmitted disease, hepatitis B virus infection, and antibody to herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). By stepwise logistic regression analysis, associations persisted with race, age, hepatitis B markers, and HSV-2. Thus, the strong association of HTLV with hepatitis B, a marker for injection behavior, and the independent association with HSV-2 infection, a sexually transmitted pathogen, suggest similarities in the epidemiology of HTLV and human immunodeficiency virus infections in IVDUs.
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PMID:Prevalence and epidemiologic correlates of human T cell lymphotropic virus infection among intravenous drug users. 816 27

We analyzed cross-sectional data from 1062 homosexual men recruited in Baltimore during 1984, to directly compare risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV). Using polychotomous logistic regression, risk factor odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals were determined for men with HIV alone, men with HBV alone, and men with both HIV and HBV, compared to seronegative men, and paired comparisons among these subgroups. Factors associated with the serologic prevalence of HIV alone and HBV alone (with respective ORs) included and receptive intercourse (HIV OR = 1.23; HBV OR = 1.12), history of gonorrhea (HIV OR = 4.58; HBV OR = 2.52), and rectal douching (HIV OR = 1.41; HBV OR = 1.20). Additional factors associated with HBV alone were years of homosexual activity (OR = 1.65), sexual activity with a person who developed acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (OR = 1.98), and lifetime number of male sex partners (OR = 1.25). HIV and HBV coprevalence was associated with anal receptive intercourse (OR = 1.36), history of gonorrhea (OR = 2.94), rectal douching (OR = 1.45), sexual activity with a person who developed AIDS (OR = 3.87), lifetime number of male sex partners (OR = 1.21), and the lifetime sum of sexually transmitted diseases (OR = 1.47). These findings reinforce the need for following safer-sex guidelines to prevent both infections and in the case of HBV, the prevention strategies should include vaccination.
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PMID:A comparison of risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus infections in homosexual men. 827 22

Sexually active couples need to be concerned with the risk of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and how their choice of contraception influences that risk. Condoms provide the best documented protection against such pathogens as: gonorrhea, herpes simplex virus (HSV), hepatitis B, HIV, and chlamydia. Female dependent barrier methods also provide protection against most STDs and also possibly HIV. Most hormonal non-barrier contraceptives, although providing excellent protection against unwanted pregnancies, provide little protection against STDs. Oral contraceptive pills (OCP) may increase the risk of infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical infections of chlamydia. Individuals at high risk for both an unwanted pregnancy and an STD should be counseled to use both a hormonal and barrier contraceptive. Recently, nonoxynol-9 (N-9) and OCP use have been associated with an increase in HIV infection in African women at high risk for HIV. This association has not been found in other studies and currently does not outweigh the proven benefits of these contraceptive methods.
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PMID:Contraception choice and sexually transmitted disease. 828 96

We evaluated the medical histories, drug abuse patterns, sexual behaviors, serological studies for syphilis and hepatitis B infection and other laboratory studies in 1780 patients enrolled in New York City drug treatment clinics in 1987. HIV serology was available for 168 patients. Nearly seventy-five percent had at least one medical disorder and 57% one abnormal laboratory parameter. A history of gonorrhea, hepatitis B infection, pneumonia, and anemia was reported in 28%, 23%, 21%, and 20.7% of the patients, respectively. Fifty-seven percent of 168 patients tested HIV seropositive and 16% of 1,780 patients were tuberculin reaction positive. Given the considerable prevalence of medical disorders, in which early identification and intervention is possible, serious consideration should be given to extend the scope of drug abuse services to include primary medical care services targeted at the medical sequelae of drug abuse, and medical disorders not directly associated with either HIV disease or drug abuse.
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PMID:Medical disorders in a cohort of New York city drug abusers: much more than HIV disease. 829 34

Additional information has become available since the US Centers for Disease Control's summary of 1988 on the effectiveness of consistent and proper condom use in preventing the transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases (STD). The Food and Drug Administration has also approved a polyurethane "female condom" in the interim. This report updates laboratory and epidemiologic information regarding the effectiveness of condoms in preventing HIV infection and other STDs and the role of spermicides used together with condoms. It is clear that condom use reduces the risk for gonorrhea, herpes simplex virus infection, genital ulcers, and pelvic inflammatory disease. Intact latex condoms also provide a continuous mechanical barrier to HIV, HSV, hepatitis B virus, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Neisseria gonorrhea. Three prospective studies in developed countries found that condoms are unlikely to break or slip during proper use; reported breakage rates were 2% or less for vaginal or anal intercourse. Lab studies further indicate that the female condom is an effective mechanical barrier to viruses, including HIV; no clinical studies, however, have been completed to determine the level of protection actually conferred in vivo against HIV infection and other STDs. An estimated 12-month contraceptive failure rate of 11% was found among 86 women who used the device consistently and correctly over a six-month period. Lab studies further indicate that nonoxynol-9, a nonionic surfactant used as a spermicide, inactivates HIV and other sexually transmitted pathogens. Although cohort studies have found the vaginal use of nonoxynol-9 by women without condom use to reduce the degree of infection with gonorrhea and chlamydia, no reports as yet indicate that nonoxynol-9 used alone without condoms can effectively prevent the sexual transmission of HIV. Instead, a randomized controlled trial among prostitutes in Kenya found no protection against HIV infection with use of a vaginal sponge containing a high dose of nonoxynol-9. No studies have shown that nonoxynol-9 used with a condom increases the protection provided by condom use alone against HIV infection.
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PMID:Update: barrier protection against HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases. 833 89

Drug users may be considered to be at high risk for having sexually transmitted diseases (STD). The government of Malaysia has therefore established facilities in which they incarcerate and attempt to rehabilitate such individuals. 5472 drug users had been imprisoned in the country's fourteen facilities by the end of 1991. Since 97.8% of drug users in Malaysia are male, only on facility exists for female users. The authors determined and report the prevalence of STDs among 130 new female resident drug users at the facility. The women were admitted over the period May 1989-July 1991, and 104 were IV-drug users. They were aged 18-44 years, with 87.7% in the 20-40-year range. Further, 77.7% were sex workers and 13.1% were salaried workers in other fields. 50.8% had syphilis, 52.2% hepatitis B, 23.8% moniliasis, 19.2% trichomoniasis, and 8.5% gonorrhea vaginitis. 6 were HIV-seropositive, of whom 5 admitted to needle sharing and prostitution. More than half of the women were infected with 2 or more STDs. STDs were not found in 14.6% of subjects, however, even though 10 acknowledged being sex workers. Given the high prevalence of STDs in this population and the ease of HIV transmission with ulcerative STDs, the authors recommend that incarcerated female drug users be routinely screened and treated for STDs as part of their rehabilitation program.
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PMID:Prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases among female drug abusers in Malaysia. 835 Jul 86

There is an increased attention to preconception care and counseling (PCC) in the US. Midwives should include it into their practice. Even though the PCC concept is new, many midwives already know and/or practice its components, including risk assessment, health promotion, psychological and medical interventions, and follow-up. Opportunities for PCC are gynecology visits, postpartum visits, school-based programs, occupational health centers, and local health departments. Midwives can help women decide whether they are psychologically prepared for motherhood through group discussions and family-timing scenarios. They should refer women to substance abuse counseling and address physical abuse. A medical history and physical exam followed by an evaluation of any medical problems are also important. Preconception screening should include laboratory tests for hemoglobin or hematocrit, Rh factor, rubella titer, urine dipstick (protein and sugar), Pap smear, gonococcal culture, syphilis ...... and hepatitis B test. Midwives should offer women an illicit drug screen and an HIV serodiagnostic test. Additional tests recommended for some women include a tuberculosis screen, chlamydia culture or rapid screen, toxoplasmosis, herpes simplex, cytomegalovirus, varicella, hemoglobinopathies, Tay-Sachs, and karyotype. Factors which may affect sperm morphology are cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, vitamins A and E, linoleic acid, and zinc. Other male factors which may affect pregnancy outcome are advanced age, sexually transmitted diseases, HIV, and exposure to drugs and chemicals. Midwives should determine the need to refer women for genetic counseling. They can help establish a positive environment for conception by conducting a nutritional history and counseling; promoting vitamin supplementation; by counseling about dangers of cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, and drugs; and by keeping up to date on reproductive toxicology, environmental pollutants, and occupational hazards. Midwives should take a menstrual, contraceptive, and sexual history. Menstrual charting can help detect ovulation. Other issues needing to be addressed are infertility and choosing a care provider and birth place.
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PMID:Preconception care. An opportunity to maximize health in pregnancy. 841 Mar 47

The approximately 1.2 million inmates in U.S. correctional institutions have a high prevalence of communicable diseases, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, tuberculosis, hepatitis B virus infection, and gonorrhea. Before their incarceration, most inmates had limited access to health care, which, together with poor compliance because of lifestyle, made them difficult to identify and treat in the general community. Because of the high yearly turnover (approximately 800% and 50% in jails and prisons, respectively), the criminal justice system can play an important public health role both during incarceration and in the immediate postrelease period. A public policy agenda for criminal justice should include an epidemiologic orientation, as well as resources for education, counseling, early detection, and treatment. Taking advantage of the period of confinement would serve both the individual and society by controlling communicable diseases in large urban communities.
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PMID:Correctional health care: a public health opportunity. 849 74

Markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection were measured in 465 non-drug-abusing heterosexually transmitted disease (STD) patients. HBV markers were found in altogether 70 persons, of whom 7 were HBsAg carriers. Those chronically infected were all born in HBV intermediate/high endemic areas. Gonorrhoea was the only STD that was correlated to an increased risk of HBV markers. Number of sexual partners, sex and age was not correlated with HBV infection, irrespective of country of origin. The risk of having HBV markers in an STD clientele in Copenhagen was highly dependent on the country of birth, as the prevalences were 7% (21/307) in persons born in Denmark, 19% (9/47) in those born in other low endemic areas and 36% (40/111) in those born in intermediate/high endemic areas. Falling incidence of gonorrhoea and other STD may render it difficult to point out risk factors indicative of HBV immunization in heterosexual STD patients. In low-risk countries, screening for HBV markers should however be offered to all immigrants and refugees as a part of an HBV immunization program.
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PMID:Risk factors for hepatitis B virus infection in heterosexuals attending a venereal disease clinic in Copenhagen. 851 10

In this study, the risk profiles and epidemiologic interrelationships of 13 sexually transmitted diseases (STD) were studied in 12,170 men and 6,125 women attending the Adelaide STD Clinic in South Australia from 1988 to 1991. Fifteen independent variables for men and 19 independent variables for women were analyzed by multiple logistic regression. Risk profiles were depicted graphically from the odds ratios of independent associations with the factors studied. These profiles showed a marked influence of socioeconomic factors on the epidemiology of hepatitis B infection, syphilis, scabies (in contrast with the pattern for pediculosis pubis), gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis. The risk profiles for warts, herpes, and molluscum contagiosum are similar and contrast with those of gonorrhea and chlamydia. The vaginitides showed clear differences, with bacterial vaginosis being directly associated with and candidiasis inversely associated with variables relating to sexual activity. In women, gonorrhea was a strong predictor of chlamydial infection and women with gonorrhea had twice the rate of other STDs collectively, compared with women who did not have gonorrhea. However, most other associations between individual STDs and other STDs collectively were of an inverse nature, although several strong associations between individual STDs were found on univariate analysis.
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PMID:Risk profiles and epidemiologic interrelationships of sexually transmitted diseases. 851 5


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