Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Because of the form of sexual contact and the number of such contacts among homosexual men, physicians should be watchful for sexually transmitted infections in the homosexual community. Hepatitis B, anorectal gonorrhea, shigellosis, amebiasis, and giardiasis are now known to be among these infections. For treatment to be effective and epidemics avoided, physicians should question affected male patients about their sexual habits and advise abstinence from sexual contact until treatment is finished and cultures or smears are negative.
 ...
PMID:Sexually transmitted infections in homosexual men. 58 1

A 10-year survey is presented of male cases of homosexually acquired infection seen between 1962 and 1971 at Charing Cross Hospital (West London Branch). Tables showing the number of cases of syphilis, gonorrhea, and other conditions in homosexual and heterosexual males and in females are considered. Tables of other relevant data are also presented. The reasons underlying the changes illustrated, including the Act legalizing homosexual practices between consenting adult males, which became effective in 1968, are discussed. Certain pathological conditions apparently connected with homosexual practices, such as serum hepatitis, local rectal disease, and mucous colitis, are included and also some relevant manifestations of herpes genitalis and genitral warts. Homosexually acquired infection in prisoners is described. Some of the psychiatric effects of homosexuality on clinic patients and also their fears of treatment at clinics are considered, as well as the behavioral differences in response to infection between exclusively homosexuals, bi-sexuals, and married homosexuals.
 ...
PMID:A 10-year study of homosexually transmitted infection. 94 48

Sexually active travelers are at risk for a variety of STDs, including traditional venereal infections such as gonorrhea, chlamydial urethritis, syphilis, chancroid, and herpes simplex infection. More recently, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV-1 have also been described. Risk varies depending on the geographic area of travel and the type of sexual contact. Physicians should be aware of the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance of N. gonorrhoeae and H. ducreyi because this will affect empiric antibiotic therapy. Prevention should focus on proper and consistent usage of barrier contraceptives.
 ...
PMID:Sexually transmitted diseases and travelers. 140 28

The origin of the word condom is the subject of some debate, but the use of a linen sheath as a preventive measure for venereal disease was noted in the writings of Fallopius in 1564. In recent years condom sales have increased, and in a sample of San Francisco male homosexuals consistent condom use was reported to have increased from 26% to 79% between 1984 and 1987. Condom sales in drugstores increased by over 20% from 1986 to 1987, with women being responsible for an estimated 40-50% of US purchases. Studies suggest a failure rate of 2-15/100 couples using condoms. Failure rates for 1st-year users average about 12%, but consistent and correct condom use theoretically results in approximately a 2% failure rate. Mean breakage rates ranging from 0% to 13% have been reported. Both epidemiological and laboratory studies have demonstrated that latex condoms are effective mechanical barriers to important viral transmissions including HIV, herpes simplex virus (HSV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV), as well as bacteria such as Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhea. Condoms are safe to use, particularly in view of the fact that AIDS is now 1 of the 5 leading causes of death for women ages 15-44. An important contraindication, however, is the presence of latex allergy, potentially leading to contact urticaria or manifestations of anaphylaxis. The female condom shows promise for placing personal protection increasingly under the control of women. Condom promotion in the US with education at both public and individual levels could emulate developed and developing countries that have promoted condom use with marketing and mass-media techniques, as well conspicuous and aggressive distribution methods. Nursing is involved in program efforts aimed at enhancing condom use and nurses can be effective in encouraging clients to use condoms to protect themselves.
 ...
PMID:Condoms as primary prevention in sexually active women. 140 10

Trends in mortality related to infection by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and to other causes were examined from 1978 to 1988 in a cohort of 8,906 homosexual men who participated in studies of hepatitis B virus infection in the late 1970s in New York City. HIV-related mortality rates increased from 1 per 10,000 person-years in 1980 to 181 per 10,000 person-years in 1986, followed by a plateau from 1986 to 1988. The standardized mortality ratio among white men in the cohort was 3.7 (95% confidence interval (Cl) 3.4-3.9) as compared with white men from across the United States. Higher HIV-related mortality rates were associated with a higher number of sexual partners, a history of gonorrhea and/or syphilis, and serologic markers of infection with hepatitis B virus. After adjustment for demographics and sexual behaviors, the relative risk of mortality for Hispanic men as compared with white men was 1.5 (95% Cl 1.1-1.9). This study illustrates the large excess in mortality among homosexual men over the last decade, with the excess accounted for by deaths from HIV-related diseases. The recent plateau in mortality may be due to the effect of new treatments and/or the decline in new HIV-1 infections among homosexual men. The excess in HIV-related mortality among Hispanic homosexual men was not explained by differences in demographics and factors associated with the sexual transmission of HIV-1.
 ...
PMID:Mortality trends in a cohort of homosexual men in New York City, 1978-1988. 144 31

Risk factors for and serologic evidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection were analyzed among 557 women. Study subjects were attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases and enrolled in a clinical trial of nonoxynol-9 prevention of gonococcal and chlamydial infections. Seventy-eight (14%) showed serologic evidence of past HBV infection. Only age at time of serum collection was significantly associated with HBV marker prevalence (P = 0.04). None of the four measures of sexual activity taken (number of sex partners per month, frequency of sexual intercourse, number of documented episodes of sexually transmitted diseases, and lifetime number of sexual partners) were significantly related to the presence of HBV markers. For each measure, however, differences observed between HBV positive and negative subjects were consistent with what would be expected if these factors did contribute to HBV infection risk. These results support the role of heterosexual transmission of HBV infection in women and are consistent with recommendations for hepatitis B immunization of heterosexually active persons with multiple sexual partners.
 ...
PMID:Risk factors for hepatitis B virus infection among women attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases. 156 82

In vitro studies have demonstrated that an intact latex condom provides an effective barrier against several sexually transmitted pathogens, including herpes simplex virus type 2, hepatitis B virus, cytomegalovirus, HIV, Neisseria gonorrhea, Chlamydia trachomatis, and mycoplasma. This paper discusses some of the major advances and critical issues which should be incorporated in condom program design and implementation. The authors drew extensively from their experience with Family Health International's AIDSTECH Project with 21 targeted HIV prevention programs in 14 African countries. The programs are designed primarily to reach high-risk behavior groups among whom the virus is most prevalent. The authors observe from their work that a number of social, economic, political, and cultural obstacles impede greater condom use in Africa; private sector initiatives which recruit members of target populations to be key personnel in project implementation show promise for reaching high-risk behavior groups; condom logistics systems remain a weak link in condom distribution programs; rising costs and inadequate sources of latex condoms are problematic; and alternatives to the male latex condom could be commercially available by 1992. Sections discuss barriers to condom use, new approaches in condom distribution, condom quality assurance, condom costs and economics, and technological advances in condoms.
 ...
PMID:Condom issues in AIDS prevention in Africa. 166 18

Among 5,255 active duty United States Marines on permanent tour in Okinawa, Japan, screened for human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type I (HTLV-I) seropositivity, 3 (0.06%) were confirmed by Western blot analysis to have core and envelope reactivity. All three seropositive individuals have a history of prolonged sexual contact with Okinawan women, and two of the three individuals are married to seropositive Okinawan wives. Two gave a prior history of gonorrhea, while all three were negative for syphilis (MHA-TP) and hepatitis B. No other risk factors associated with HTLV-I seropositivity in the United States were identified. A banked sample from one individual, obtained 8 months after initial sexual relations with his HTLV-I-seropositive Okinawan spouse and 20 months before being retested in the survey, showed a pattern suggesting seroconversion. Although based on small numbers, these data suggest that female-to-male transmission of HTLV-I occurs in the absence of other cofactors, e.g., ulcerative genital lesions.
 ...
PMID:HTLV-I among U.S. Marines stationed in a hyperendemic area: evidence for female-to-male sexual transmission. 173 8

The aim of screening for infectious diseases in pregnancy is to identify subjects who are at risk of a specific infection, which lends itself to effective intervention. The value of routine screening is determined by the validity of the test and the prevalence of the disorder in the population. During pregnancy, serological screening for rubella, syphilis, toxoplasmosis, HIV, hepatitis B and bacteriological screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria and gonorrhea is recommended. The search for additional infections is reserved for patients presenting special risk factors or clinical symptoms.
 ...
PMID:[Infection screening in pregnancy]. 176 Dec 41

Several communicable infectious diseases, including AIDS, hepatitis B infection, gonorrhea, syphilis, and tuberculosis, are increasing among drug abusers. Drug abuse treatment programs may be ideal sites to identify those infections and initiate and maintain appropriate medical management. This paper reviews the epidemiology of those infections among drug abusers in the USA, presents rudimentary aspects of medical management of selected infectious diseases, and discusses the need to integrate infectious diseases, drug abuse treatment, and public health approaches if we are to reverse, or at least stabilize, the trends of those diseases.
 ...
PMID:Infectious diseases and drug abuse. Prevention and treatment in the drug abuse treatment system. 178 52


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>