Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Achieving long-term protection following vaccination is crucial to ensuring that high levels of immunity are maintained within a population while eliminating the need to introduce booster vaccinations. Based on an analysis of the hepatitis B virus vaccine, several factors have been shown to contribute to long-term protection, namely: specific lymphoproliferation, the in vivo humoral response, and immune memory. To ensure protection against persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and the subsequent development of cervical lesions, an effective HPV vaccine must be able to induce strong humoral immune responses. Mathematical modeling analyses based on a three-dose regimen of HPV type 16 prophylactic vaccine indicated that 99% of 16- to 23-year-old women would have almost life-long detectable anti-HPV-16 levels. Available data on the quadrivalent HPV vaccine demonstrated that long-term immune memory was induced, with anti-HPV geometric mean titers after 5 years remaining at or above those observed with natural infection. Vaccination also resulted in a substantial reduction in the combined incidence of HPV-6/11/16/18 related persistent infection or disease, and there were no cases of precancerous cervical dysplasia compared with six cases in women receiving placebo. Similarly the bivalent HPV vaccine has been shown to induce long-term immunity with >98% seropositivity maintained after 4.5 years of follow-up and geometric mean titres at this time point remaining substantially higher than those noted with naturally acquired infection. Countrywide registration regarding population and health events in a stable population of approximately 25 million makes the Nordic countries an ideal setting for the evaluation of long-term cervical cancer control. Population-based long-term efficacy trials conducted in these countries aim to investigate the long-term efficacy of HPV vaccination with regard to invasive cervical cancer, and the results of these trials are awaited with interest.
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PMID:Long-term efficacy of human papillomavirus vaccination. 1793 16

The mortality in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been reported similar or slightly increased as compared to that of the general population. However, deaths related to infectious and parasitic diseases have been repeatedly reported in clinical trials, open series and registries. The IBD patients are exposed to the same infections affecting the community, added to opportunistic infectious related to the immunosuppression. Some of these infectious diseases may be prevented by the appropriate use of a vaccination program. Thus, vaccination status should be assessed at IBD diagnosis, and from time to time, and vaccination should be updated to every patient as soon as possible, since deaths due to preventable diseases should never occur. Present recommendations include vaccination for influenza (annually), for pneumococcal disease with the 23-valent strain (every 5 years), for hepatitis B virus (in patients with no detectable hepatitis B surface antibodies), combined vaccination against tetanus, diphtheria and inactivated poliomyelitis (every 10 years). The role of human papillomavirus vaccine preventing cervical dysplasia and neoplasia in IBD women taking immunosuppressive are at present unknown. In patients lacking varicella immunization, specific vaccination should be considered. Nevertheless, it should be taken into account that varicella vaccine contains live attenuated virus that cannot be administered in patients taking immunosuppressive. The same consideration should be kept in mind for patients travelling to endemic areas for yellow fever. Finally, IBD patients on immunosuppressive may have an altered response to vaccine immunization. Decreased response has been reported for hepatitis B and pneumoccocal vaccination. In those cases, testing for serological responses to vaccine should be performed and booster doses may be required.
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PMID:How do we manage vaccinations in patients with inflammatory bowel disease? 1978 67