Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Ten patients presenting with venereal or dermatological disorders have been found to have evidence of infection with the virus of hepatitis B; only five had distinguishable liver dysfunction, yet all had either detectable antigen or antibody. Antigen subtype ayw has been identified in four of these people. Once rare in the local population, hepatitis B virus infection appears to be increasing in incidence with cases attributable to inoculation and to direct contact, as well as presenting as a covert partner to gonorrhoea, urethritis and candidiasis. Testing for hepatitis B antigen and antibody is recommended for patients attending the venereal diseases clinic, for patients presenting for removal of tattoos, for those with suspected drug taking and for Polynesians, in whom the carrier rate may be expected to be high (Austin and others, 1974). In our current clinical practice the sterilisation of instruments, the handling of patients, and the transmission of specimens to the laboratory have been reviewed in the light of the US Public Health Service supplement 1976, Perspectives on the Control of Viral Hepatitis, Type B.
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PMID:The virus of hepatitis B a new dimension in the diagnosis of sexually transmitted disease. 27 92

A patient suffering from chronic active hepatitis with macronodular cirrhosis, positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), was treated with an orthotopic liver allograft. The HBs antigenemia, as measured with several precipitation tests and by complement fixation, became negative after transplantation and remained so for about 2 1/2 months. During the interval, very low titers of the antigen were detectable by radioimmunoassay. At about three months after transplantation, she had an attack of acute hepatitis, at which time HBsAg became detectable by all tests. She recovered, but progressive liver disease developed during the remaining 1 1/2 years of her life. She died of disseminated nocardiosis and candidiasis with deteriorating hepatic function. The homograft at autopsy showed no evidence of rejection, but was the site of chronic active liver disease, although of a different pathologic pattern than that affecting her native liver. The differences in histology may reflect the influence of chronic immunosuppression on the features of chronic active hepatitis.
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PMID:Liver allograft. Its use in chronic active hepatitis with macronodular cirrhosis, hepatitis B surface antigen. 36 34

An attempt was made to reduce the risk of infection following liver transplantation by means of selective bowel decontamination with tobramycin, polymyxin E and amphotericin B, as well as short-term systemic antibiotics with cephotaxim and tobramycin. After 53 consecutive orthotopic hepatic transplants performed in 51 patients between 1985 and 1987, a total of eight pneumonias occurred as the clinically most significant infection. Two pneumonias were caused by cytomegalovirus, one by Pneumocystis carinii, one by Candida and the remaining four by various bacteria. In 6 patients, bacteria were cultured from the blood, but only in one case was an indwelling catheter identified as the source of the septicemia. Taking all samples together, Streptococcus faecalis was the bacterium most frequently cultured, which was not covered by the prophylactic antimicrobial regime applied. Pseudomonas, however, and gram-negative bacteria were demonstrated much less frequently. Vaginal and oral Candida infections, as well as oral and genital herpes simplex infections, responded well to topical therapy with fungicide and aciclovir, respectively. Three patients developed cytomegalovirus (CMV) hepatitis. All five CMV infections were successfully treated with ganciclovir and hyperimmunoglobulin, as well as reduction of prophylactic immunosuppression. Out of 15 patients transplanted for posthepatitic cirrhosis, 7 developed a recurrence of the infection (5 hepatitis B virus) 2 hepatitis C virus) in the graft. Two died of the cirrhosis, three are still alive with cirrhosis but sufficient graft function, and one patient is suffering from chronic active hepatitis. One patient grafted for acute hepatic failure was able to clear the delta virus within 1 year post-transplant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Personal experience with prevention and therapy of infection after 53 liver transplantations]. 187 Mar 61

A 17-yr-old woman presented with acute hepatitis B. She had preexisting well-documented immune deficiency, clinically apparent as chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, and recurrent severe viral infections. Life-threatening but spontaneously resolving Coombs-negative hemolysis complicated the recovery phase. Complete healing of the hepatitis with disappearance of hepatitis B surface antigen from serum and normal hepatitis B surface antibody and hepatitis B core antibody production occurred in spite of T-cell dysfunction.
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PMID:Complete recovery from hepatitis B and associated hemolysis in a patient with underlying T-cell deficiency. 660 66

Liver transplantation is complicated by higher rates of bacterial and fungal infection and higher infectious mortality than are other forms of solid organ transplantation. The excess morbidity and mortality are largely confined to the first few months after transplantation and appear to be caused by the technical complexity of the operation and perhaps the residual end organ effects of chronic liver failure. The most common infections seen are bacterial infections in the abdomen and hepatobiliary system, systemic cytomegalovirus infections, bacterial pneumonias, and invasive candidiasis. In addition, systemic viral infections affecting the allograft such as hepatitis B and hepatitis C, adenovirus, and herpes simplex virus have been important clinical problems. The intensity and wide array of infectious problems seen in this population represents a challenge to clinicians to develop strategies for treatment and prophylaxis that will ensure good long-term survival to patients receiving liver transplants.
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PMID:Liver transplantation and related infections. 801 79

Drug users may be considered to be at high risk for having sexually transmitted diseases (STD). The government of Malaysia has therefore established facilities in which they incarcerate and attempt to rehabilitate such individuals. 5472 drug users had been imprisoned in the country's fourteen facilities by the end of 1991. Since 97.8% of drug users in Malaysia are male, only on facility exists for female users. The authors determined and report the prevalence of STDs among 130 new female resident drug users at the facility. The women were admitted over the period May 1989-July 1991, and 104 were IV-drug users. They were aged 18-44 years, with 87.7% in the 20-40-year range. Further, 77.7% were sex workers and 13.1% were salaried workers in other fields. 50.8% had syphilis, 52.2% hepatitis B, 23.8% moniliasis, 19.2% trichomoniasis, and 8.5% gonorrhea vaginitis. 6 were HIV-seropositive, of whom 5 admitted to needle sharing and prostitution. More than half of the women were infected with 2 or more STDs. STDs were not found in 14.6% of subjects, however, even though 10 acknowledged being sex workers. Given the high prevalence of STDs in this population and the ease of HIV transmission with ulcerative STDs, the authors recommend that incarcerated female drug users be routinely screened and treated for STDs as part of their rehabilitation program.
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PMID:Prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases among female drug abusers in Malaysia. 835 Jul 86

In this study, the risk profiles and epidemiologic interrelationships of 13 sexually transmitted diseases (STD) were studied in 12,170 men and 6,125 women attending the Adelaide STD Clinic in South Australia from 1988 to 1991. Fifteen independent variables for men and 19 independent variables for women were analyzed by multiple logistic regression. Risk profiles were depicted graphically from the odds ratios of independent associations with the factors studied. These profiles showed a marked influence of socioeconomic factors on the epidemiology of hepatitis B infection, syphilis, scabies (in contrast with the pattern for pediculosis pubis), gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis. The risk profiles for warts, herpes, and molluscum contagiosum are similar and contrast with those of gonorrhea and chlamydia. The vaginitides showed clear differences, with bacterial vaginosis being directly associated with and candidiasis inversely associated with variables relating to sexual activity. In women, gonorrhea was a strong predictor of chlamydial infection and women with gonorrhea had twice the rate of other STDs collectively, compared with women who did not have gonorrhea. However, most other associations between individual STDs and other STDs collectively were of an inverse nature, although several strong associations between individual STDs were found on univariate analysis.
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PMID:Risk profiles and epidemiologic interrelationships of sexually transmitted diseases. 851 5

Immunorestitution disease (IRD) is defined as an acute symptomatic or paradoxical deterioration of a (presumably) preexisting infection that is temporally related to the recovery of the immune system. We report the temporal sequence of events that led to IRD caused by Pneumocystis carinii and Aspergillus terreus in 2 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative patients soon after the recovery of adaptive and innate immunity, respectively, and we review episodes noted in the English-language literature that fit the definition of IRD (109 episodes in 107 patients). The median time from the recovery of neutrophil counts or termination of steroid therapy to the development of IRD was 8 days in cases of pulmonary aspergillosis (23 episodes) and hepatosplenic candidiasis (8) and 21 days for viral diseases such as hepatitis B (24) and viral pneumonitis (6). For IRD due to mycobacteriosis (27 episodes) and cryptococcosis (4) in HIV-positive patients, the median interval between the initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and the onset of IRD was 11 days; for viral infections, including those due to cytomegalovirus (14), hepatitis B virus (1), and hepatitis C virus (2), the median interval was 42 days. As an emerging clinical entity, IRD merits further study to optimize treatment of immunosuppressed patients.
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PMID:Immunorestitution disease involving the innate and adaptive response. 1122 60

Open clinical trials for treatments of HIV infection are discussed, including marijuana and dronabinol, zintevir, indinavir, abacavir, and MKC-442. A study is open in San Francisco to evaluate the use of SU5416 for Kaposi's sarcoma. Studies for the treatment and prevention of opportunistic infections, including hepatitis B, CMV retinitis, and candidiasis are listed. Details and contact information for each study are provided.
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PMID:Open clinical trials for HIV/AIDS treatments. 1136 64

Invasive fungal infections, especially those caused by Candida albicans, and recurrence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection after transplantation are common complications in orthotopic liver transplant (OLT) recipients. Candida species account for >50% of all invasive fungal infections, which occur in 10%--15% of OLT recipients. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of invasive fungal infections are unique to each type of organism. Fluconazole is effective and safe in the prevention of Candida infection after OLT. Preventive measures against Aspergillus or Cryptococcus remain ill defined. Both HBV and HCV recur almost universally after OLT in infected individuals. The natural course of HBV and HCV, leading to end-stage liver damage, is accelerated. In OLT patients, administration of immunoglobulin with high titers against HBV, alone and/or in combination with lamivudine, immediately after transplantation reduces the recurrence of HBV. The combination of interferon and ribavirin is mildly effective in OLT patients who have evidence of recurrent hepatitis, and additional alternatives are being evaluated.
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PMID:Prevention of fungal and hepatitis virus infections in liver transplantation. 1138 22


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