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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Many tests for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection have been developed and have proved useful for prevention of post-blood transfusion hepatitis C. However, there are at least 4 genotypes of HCV and the predominant type is different among countries. None of the tests using antigens from one genotype are sensitive in detecting the antibodies against another genotype. More sensitive tests using a more stable part of the HCV RNA sequences such as 5'-noncoding region must be developed for clinical use. Automated PCR methods and DNA sandwich hybridization methods using branched DNA amplification multimers may be candidates. Recently a hepatocyte growth factor test has been developed in Japan. Multicenter trials of this test reveal that it is useful for assessment of acute severe hepatitis. Tests for collagen type IV, fibronectin receptor, and prolyl hydroxylase have been reported useful for assessment of liver fibrosis. However, serum prolyl hydroxylase is prone to increase in response to hepatocellular damage as well as fibrotic processes. Enzymatic methods for determination of branched amino acids and tyrosine have been developed. The molar ratio of branched amino acids to tyrosine seems to have same pathophysiological meaning as the ratio of branched amino acids to aromatic amino acids (Fischer ratio) in assessment of liver cirrhosis. Lidocaine test is reported to be useful for predicting survival of transplanted liver and also assessing the function of the cirrhotic liver. Profiles of alpha-fetoprotein subfractions based on lectin-reactivity and galactosyl transferase II isoenzyme have been reported to be useful for detecting hepatocellular carcinoma but this remains to be proved.
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PMID:[Recent advances in laboratory tests for liver diseases]. 130 30

Granulomatous inflammation is a specific type of chronic inflammation in which macrophages and T-cell-mediated immunity to the inciting agent play a pivotal role. In the present study, granulomatous hepatitis was induced in rats by the administration of a single intravenous dose of porcine intestinal alkaline phosphatase. The cellular composition of the hepatic granulomas was analyzed in-situ with a number of recently developed mouse anti-rat monoclonal antibodies to cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage and lymphocyte subsets. Well-developed granulomas consisted of aggregates of macrophages with central modification into epithelioid cells, a peripheral rim of T- and B-lymphoid cells, including considerable numbers of immunoblasts and plasma cells. In addition, the periphery of the granulomas contained many fat storing cells, a sinusoidal cell type thought to play a central role in hepatic fibrosis. Moreover, intense immunostaining for the extracellular matrix proteins fibronectin and collagen type III was observed at the periphery of the lesions. The granulomas persisted for long periods without eliciting liver cirrhosis. Alkaline phosphatase induced hepatic granulomas in the rat may help to elucidate the contribution of cells of the B-lineage to chronic granulomatous inflammation.
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PMID:Immunopathology of alkaline phosphatase-induced granulomatous hepatitis in rats. 135 74

Porcine or bovine factor VIII concentrates (FVIII:C) have been used during the past 3 decades to control bleeding in patients who have developed antibodies to human factor VIII. Since current preparations of animal FVIII:C are not known to transmit infectious agents such as hepatitis or human immunodeficiency virus, they are of potential therapeutic interest. A purified porcine FVIII:C (Hyate:C) is now widely used as an alternative to human FVIII:C in patients with inhibitor. Unlike earlier preparations of porcine FVIII:C, thrombocytopaenia is rare with the current preparation. Nonetheless, it causes the aggregation of human platelets in vitro. Our aim was to identify precisely the plasma factor which induces platelet aggregation. The effects of commercial porcine FVIII:C, porcine fibrinogen, porcine fibronectin and the corresponding preparations from human origin on platelet aggregation were studied. Platelet aggregation was quantified by measuring the fall in single platelet count in human whole blood. Of these preparations, only porcine FVIII:C (0.1-1 U/ml) and porcine fibrinogen (80-600 micrograms/ml) induced a fall in single platelet count of up to 85% due to aggregation. The extent of aggregation was directly proportional to the amount (0.007-0.1 U/ml test aliquot) of residual von Willebrand factor antigen (vWf:Ag) in the preparations. A monoclonal antibody to vWf:Ag inhibited the aggregation. We believe that the aggregation of human platelets induced in vitro by porcine FVIII:C is mediated by vWf:Ag which also may be responsible for thrombocytopaenia reported following administration of porcine FVIII:C in vivo.
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PMID:Further evidence that the residual vWf:Ag in porcine FVIII:C induces human platelet aggregation. 212 38

In summary, the role of fibronectin in clinical medicine is not yet certain. Correlation of sepsis and organ failure with decreased fibronectin levels is still to some degree questionable; controlled clinical trials are urgently needed. The risk of hepatitis, AIDS, and other transfusion-transmitted diseases must be balanced by data substantiating the clinical efficacy of fibronectin therapy. To date, no results from controlled trials using purified fibronectin have been reported. Final judgement must be reserved pending results of appropriate human studies. It is likely, however, that even if fibronectin is proven to be clinically useful, the patient population which will achieve some benefit from its use will be restricted to septic and/or critically ill patients. As noted by Mosher and Grossman however, physicians treating such patients would likely welcome any new and effective therapeutic intervention.
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PMID:Fibronectin: applications to clinical medicine. 351 68

Biseko is prepared from pooled human plasma by specific stepwise adsorption of the coagulation factors avoiding spontaneous coagulation. Biseko is manufactured from pooled plasma from more than 1000 donors. In order to ensure its hepatitis safety, the starting plasma is cold sterilized by beta-propiolactone and UV-irradiation. The inhibitory and immunological profile of the cold sterilized Biseko was compared with another commercial serum preserve and normal serum. alpha 1-antitrypsin, alpha 2-macroglobulin and antithrombin III are present in Biseko and normal serum in their biologically active forms. A certain amount of the opsonin, fibronectin, is heparin-precipitable in normal serum and has thus retained its native character, while the fibronectin in the commercial serum preserve examined is not heparin-precipitable. Biseko contains fibronectin only in trace amounts. The IgG, IgA and IgM immunoglobulin concentrations and activities in the serum preserves are equivalent to those in normal serum. One major difference between normal serum and the cold sterilized Biseko is that metabolites from the coagulation pathways are absent in Biseko. Normal serum is not suitable for therapeutic purposes because of activated enzymes formed during coagulation. The chemical analysis of the protein pattern in Biseko resembles more fresh frozen plasma without coagulation factors than normal serum.
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PMID:[Inhibitory and immunological profile of therapeutic serum protein solutions]. 388 42

Interest in human plasma fibronectin (Fn) as a potential clinical product for replacement therapy in septic patients has prompted the search for stabilizers to protect the protein from heat denaturation during pasteurization designed to inactivate hepatitis viruses. Fn was pasteurized (60 degrees C, 10 h) in the presence of either citrate, tricarballylate, sucrose or four mixtures of lysine, glucarate, gluconate or citrate which had been found to increase the denaturation temperature of Fn by greater than or equal to 19 degrees C. All but a citrate/gluconate mixture were effective in preventing aggregation as measured by dye fluorescence, light scattering, gel filtration and electrophoresis. Binding to gelatin was retained and immunological activity was only slightly diminished compared to a sample heated without stabilizers. Opsonic activity was measured as ability to mediate the uptake of 125I-gelatin-coated polystyrene beads by attached human monocytes. Fn heated without stabilizers underwent a transient increase in activity which was traced to formation of aggregates having elevated specific activities. Pasteurized samples had slightly elevated opsonic activities with no detectable aggregates present, while the unstabilized control was inactive. These results indicate that the physical properties of Fn as well as the functional activities of the gelatin- and cell-binding domains can be protected against thermal denaturation by various compounds.
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PMID:Biological and physical properties of fibronectin pasteurized in the presence of stabilizers. 399 68

Human plasma fibronectin interacts with viruses. When fibronectin-containing human sera negative for antibodies to hepatitis A virus (HAV) were added to suspensions of HAV, radioimmunological detection of HAV was reduced. This masking effect seemed to depend on the fibronectin concentration of the sera: plasma fibronectin purified by cryoprecipitation and affinity chromatography showed a masking effect on purified HAV which was dependent on the concentrations of fibronectin and HAV. Fibronectin peptides were obtained by subtilisin digestion: the non-collagen-binding regions of the fibronectin molecule were involved in the binding of HAV. We conclude that fibronectin has a virus-binding activity which interferes with radioimmunological methods for virus detection, and may contribute to the frequent transmission of hepatitis viruses by blood products enriched in fibronectin.
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PMID:Virus-binding activity of fibronectin: masking of hepatitis A virus. 608 67

Fibronectin (FN) has been implicated in the cryoprecipitation of fibrin-fibrinogen complexes. Preliminary observations have suggested that it may also play a role in cryoglobulinemia. In the present study 32 cryoprecipitates from patients with hepatitis, chronic active hepatitis, essential mixed cryoglobulinemia, and inflammatory bowel diseases were analyzed and screened for the presence of FN. Most cryoproteins of patients with essential mixed cryoglobulinemia and inflammatory bowel diseases were of the mixed IgM-IgG type and all contained FN. In contrast, most cryoproteins of patients with hepatitis were composed of polyclonal IgM and were devoid of FN. It is possible that FN characterizes and facilitates the formation of mixed cryoglobulins. However, its presence does not seem to be an absolute requirement for cryoprecipitation.
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PMID:Presence of fibronectin in cold precipitates of patients with cryoimmunoglobulinemia. 628 Nov 99

Titrated stocks of hepatitis B virus and Hutchinson strain non-A, non-B hepatitis virus were diluted in normal serum to contain, respectively, greater than or equal to 10(6) and greater than or equal to 10(4) chimpanzee infectious doses (CID50) per milliliter and exposed to 1% Tween 80 and 20% ether at 4 degrees C for 18 h. After evaporation of the ether, the treated sera were each inoculated into two chimpanzees. The animals remained free of serologic and biochemical evidence of hepatitis during a 6-month follow-up period, and were then shown to be susceptible to infection by challenge with the original untreated inocula. To assess the effect of exposure to Tween 80/ether on coagulation factors, four lots of antihemophilic factor (AHF) concentrate and 2 lots of commercial factor IX concentrate were treated as above. For the AHF concentrate there was an average of 70% recovery of factor VIII procoagulant activity, 93% recovery of factor VIII-related antigen, and 73% recovery of fibronectin opsonin activity and no detectable change in ristocetin cofactor activity or in fibronectin antigen. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis revealed no change in migration rate of fibrinogen, fibronectin, and von Willebrand factor (vWF), although the quantity of fibrinogen was reduced. Factor VIII procoagulant activity and vWF activity remained associated during chromatography on BioGel A15.
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PMID:Inactivation of hepatitis B and Hutchinson strain non-A, non-B hepatitis viruses by exposure to Tween 80 and ether. 642 34

Large amounts of Factor VIII concentrates are required for the treatment of haemophiliacs. Two batches each of nine commercial preparations were examined for their in vitro properties. The parameters studied were Factor VIII coagulation activity (F VIII: C), ristocetin cofactor activity (F VIII R: CoF), the Factor VIII antigen content (F VIII R: Ag), fibrinogen, fibronectin and immunoglobulins. The preparations were also tested to determine their hepatitis A and B marker content. In none of the investigated concentrates compared to the data given by the manufacturers was a marked F VIII: C deficit. All the preparations showed higher values for F VIII R: Ag than for F VIII: C. Factor VIII concentrate HS was the only concentrate in which the fibrinogen concentration was below the detection limit and only small amounts of fibronectin and immunoglobulins were detected. In two of the nine preparations tested possible contamination with hepatitis B viruses was more or less ruled out by means of hepatitis serology.
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PMID:[Comparative protein chemistry studies on Factor VIII concentrates]. 643 15


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