Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

These studies describe an assay of whole blood clot lysis as measured by release of 125I-fibrinogen degradation products. Optimal rates of lysis were obtained at 37 degrees C in 10-12 mM EDTA or 3,8% citrate and 4 u of thrombin/ml. Eighteen normal subjects and eight patients (six with recurrent deep vein thrombosis, one with thrombasthenia, and one with hepatitis and resolving portal vein thrombosis) were studied using this assay. The clots of seventeen of the eighteen normal subjects were 50% lysed at 40 hours. The clots of the patients with venous thrombosis and thrombasthenia did not lyse whereas the clots of the patient with hepatitis, resolving portal vein thrombosis and a high plasminogen activator level (0.32 CTA units) were 100% lysed at 4.5 hrs.
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PMID:Observations on optimal conditions for lysis of whole blood clots and use of this assay as a screening assay in clinical investigation. 682 Jan 94

Coagulum pyelolithotomy is a time-saving and tissue-conserving method which minimizes the danger of small crystallizations being left behind for new stone formation. A coagulum of excellent elasticity and tenacity can be obtained from the following mixture: first syringe, 20 ml thrombocyte-enriched plasma plus 5 ml human fibrinogen, and second syringe, 1 ml thrombin plus 4 ml calcium chloride. During the last 7 years this procedure has been employed in 120 selected patients; of these 84 involved multiple stones and 36 a single stone in a dilated intrarenal system. In only six cases were there residual caliceal fragments. The risk of hepatitis seems to be negligible since (1) only HBsAG-negative plasma and blood extracts are used, and (2) a comparison of two groups of 120 pyelolithotomies, with and without the coagulum, showed only two cases of hepatitis in each group while preoperative hepatitis occurred in five and seven cases, respectively. The enzymatic action or urokinase ensures that missing fibrin particles are dissolved before encrustation can occur. All free stones are caught and extracted with the coagulum. In 23% of cases additional fragments, not indicated by preoperative X-rays, were extracted as well.
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PMID:The value of coagulum pyelolithotomy. 722 99

One of the main uses of topical fibrin glue is hemostasis. Fibrin glue from pooled human plasma has been used in Europe for many years. It was used for fixation of skin grafts as early as 1944. Because of the risk of hepatitis and now of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, this compound has not been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use in the United States. It is now possible to make fibrin glue from a single unit of blood. Many blood banks have this capability, and burn centers in the United States are beginning to report its use in skin grafting procedures performed on patients with burns. In an effort to document a hemostatic effect, a prospective double-blind study was designed. Donor sites of patients with burns undergoing skin grafting were studied to provide a uniform wound; anatomic location varied, particularly with respect to gravity. Half of each donor site was sprayed with thrombin and fibrin glue, and the other half was sprayed with thrombin and placebo. A large absorbent pad was placed over the gauze dressing, and all dressings were collected and weighed by the investigators at 6 and 18 hours after the operation. Ten patients have been studied to date. In five patients slightly more bleeding occurred in the site treated with fibrin. One patient had no difference, and four had slightly less bleeding on the donor site treated with fibrin. No significant difference could be found in this initial study group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The hemostatic effect of fibrin glue on graft donor sites. 815 Aug 38

Plasma levels of prothrombin fragment F 1 + 2 (PTF) and thrombin-antithrombin III complex (TAT) were assayed in 86 cases of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). A significant elevation of both parameters was observed in most cases of DIC, which suggested that the in vivo generation of thrombin is highly accelerated by the cleavage of the prothrombin molecule by factor Xa. On the contrary, no significant elevation of plasma levels of PTF was observed in cases of DIC with severe hepatic failure or fulminant hepatitis in spite of significant elevation of TAT. Plasma levels of PTF were directly proportional to those of TAT in 86 cases of DIC as a whole (r = 0.682, p < 0.001). The measurement of both parameters was considered to be useful to estimate the hemostatic activation in DIC.
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PMID:Changes in plasma levels of prothrombin fragment F 1 + 2 in cases of disseminated intravascular coagulation. 848 Apr 81

There is evidence that transmission of serum hepatitis is associated with transmission of virus-like particles, approximately, 20 millimicron in diameter, containing the Australia or serum hepatitis (SH) antigen, which is currently referred to as the hepatitis associated antigen (HAA). Virus-like particles containing HAA were in the following materials, inoculation of which produced serum hepatitis: (1) a pool of human plasma, (2) serum obtained during the acute phase of hepatitis from a recipient of the plasma pool, (3) a preparation of human thrombin, and (4) serum from a proved hepatitis carrier. The HAA appeared in the serum samples of 61 individuals inoculated with these materials; serum hepatitis developed in 38 of them. Inoculation of dilutions of the plasma pool showed that serum hepatitis can be transmitted by materials containing HAA in amounts too low to be detected by current techniques.
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PMID:Transmission of serum hepatitis. 1970. 876 98

Clinical and laboratory findings were studied in 56 patients with liver disease (10 acute hepatitis, 10 fulminant hepatitis and 36 cirrhosis). Spontaneous bleeding occurred in 19 patients (8 fulminant hepatitis, 11 cirrhosis) and another 8 cirrhotic patients had variceal bleeding. There were 22 deaths (36%), 12 of these patients had spontaneous bleeding. Depletion of antithrombin III (AT III) occurred in fulminant hepatitis (mean +/- S.D. = 27 +/- 16%) and cirrhosis (49 +/- 23%) but thrombin-antithrombin III complexes (TAT) were significantly higher in the former (45 +/- 22 vs 8.6 +/- 7.0 ng/ml; p = 0.006). Within subgroups of cirrhosis (with or without spontaneous bleeding or with variceal bleeding), there were no significant differences in levels of AT III or TAT. Of all patients, those with spontaneous bleeding had persistently lower AT III levels but had variable changes of other coagulation parameters (PT, PTT, TT, FDP, fibrinogen and platelet counts). This study showed that coagulopathic consumption is an important cause of AT III deficiency in fulminant hepatitis but not in cirrhosis. Serial changes in AT III levels correlated with bleeding risk in patients with liver disease.
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PMID:Haemostatic abnormalities in patients with liver disease associated with viral hepatitis. 899 5

Antibodies against factor VIII occur in about 15-35% of hemophilia A patients and induce refractoriness to factor VIII substitution. In most cases, these antibodies are of the IgG class. Strategies to avoid or to treat such inhibitors are controversial. In very rare cases, factor VIII inhibitors also develop in nonhemophilic patients. Although there are anecdotal reports that these antibodies may disappear spontaneously without occurrence of bleeding tendencies, in the majority of patients the clinical course is characterized by severe hemorrhages. From 1980 to 1995, we observed ten nonhemophilic patients with acquired factor VIII inhibitors at our hospital. In most cases, a sudden bleeding tendency was observed shortly after an injury or surgery. Coagulation tests showed a prolonged aPTT and a decreased F VIII level. Other deficiencies of blood-clotting factors and acquired or hereditary von Willebrand's disease were excluded. Therapy with F VIII concentrates did not produce the expected increase. Measurement of F VIII inhibitor levels in Bethesda units/ml (BU/ml) revealed maximal values in the range of 2-128 BU/ml. Immunosuppressive therapy with azathioprine or cyclophosphamide in combination with methylprednisolone led to complete disappearance of the inhibitor, normalization of the coagulation tests, and complete remission of the bleeding tendency in seven treated patients within 6 weeks. Although the clinical course is not predictable and inhibitors may disappear spontaneously, combined therapy with methylprednisolone and azathioprine or cyclophosphamide is recommended for patients with bleeding tendency. In pregnancy, therapy should be started only with methylprednisolone; post-partum, azathioprine should be used additionally if methylprednisolone as a single drug does not lead to complete remission. In emergency situations, therapy with high doses of human factor VIII concentrate may be used. When bleeding does not cease, the additional use of activated prothrombin-complex concentrates or porcine factor VIII is indicated. Possible side effects may include hepatitis and short-lived intravascular thrombin production.
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PMID:Acquired factor VIII inhibitors in nonhemophilic patients. 906 79

Thrombin is generated during tissue damage in several organs, including the liver, and participates in the process of tissue repair through proteolytic activation of a specific thrombin receptor (TR). The aim of this study was to investigate TR expression in human liver by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. In normal liver, immunostaining for TR was present in the endothelial lining of the hepatic sinusoids. During chronic hepatitis, several cells expressing the TR were detected in the inflammatory infiltrate of portal tracts. In cirrhosis with chronic active hepatitis, expression of the TR was also present in mesenchymal cells of fibrous septa. TR expression was markedly up-regulated during fulminant hepatitis, with the highest expression in mesenchymal cells in areas of regeneration. Up-regulation of TR expression was associated with increased levels of TR messenger RNA (mRNA), as assessed by in situ hybridization and RNAse protection assay of liver RNA. Immunostaining of serial sections using specific cellular markers showed that different nonparenchymal cells contribute to TR expression during liver injury. TR expression was also shown in cultured human hepatic stellate cells, with increasing signal comparing activated versus quiescent cells. Because thrombin is rapidly generated after tissue damage, regulated TR expression may be involved in tissue remodeling and/or scarring during liver damage.
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PMID:Expression of the thrombin receptor in human liver: up-regulation during acute and chronic injury. 946 45

Murine Hepatitis Virus Strain 3 (MHV-3) produces fulminant hepatitis with 80-90% mortality in Balb/cJ mice. Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that peritoneal macrophages from MHV-3 infected mice produce a procoagulant (PCA) which has the ability to cleave prothrombin to thrombin (prothrombinase) encoded by the gene fgl2 located on chromosome 5. PCA accounts for sinusoidal thrombosis and hepatic necrosis and the necrosis and mortality can be prevented by treatment of animals with a monoclonal antibody to PCA. These present studies were designed to examine the expression of this gene (mRNA by Northern analysis and in situ hybridization) and the gene product PCA (immunochemistry) in tissues recovered from MHV-3 infected Balb/cJ mice in an attempt to explain the liver specific nature of MHV-3 disease. Fgl2 gene expression was detected as early as 8 hours after MHV-3 infection which persisted to 48 hours in the liver, spleen and lungs whereas no gene expression was seen in the brain or kidneys despite the fact that equivalent viral titers were detected in all tissues at all times. In the liver, fgl2 gene expression was confined to endothelial and Kupffer cells with no expression in hepatocytes. Immunochemistry localized the PCA protein to Kupffer cells and endothelial cells and necrotic foci within the liver. No PCA protein was detected by immunochemistry in any other tissues at any time during the course of MHV-3 infection. These results explain the liver specific nature (fulminant hepatitis) of MHV-3 infection and provides further evidence for the role of PCA in the pathogenesis of fulminant hepatitis. MHV-3 induces selective transcription of the gene fgl2 and only hepatic reticuloendothelial cells produce functional protein (PCA) which is known to account for fulminant hepatic failure produced by MHV-3.
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PMID:Expression of the fgl2 and its protein product (prothrombinase) in tissues during murine hepatitis virus strain-3 (MHV-3) infection. 978 36

Although fibrin glue has been widely used as a surgical adhesive, its components, fibrinogen and thrombin, obtained from human blood are not completely free from the risk of virus infection due to acquired immune deficiency and hepatitis. Recently, we have reported that a polymer pair composed of gelatin and poly(L-glutamic acid) (PLGA) promptly forms a gel and can firmly bond to soft tissues when crosslinked with the aid of water-soluble carbodiimide (WSC). The present study was undertaken to design a new PLGA-gelatin glue without using WSC. Two kinds of PLGA with molecular weights of 71 and 22 kDa were employed to prepare N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) activated derivatives. The NHS-activated PLGA could be synthesized at high yields and was found to be stable for an extended time without losing the ability to crosslink with gelatin when stored under a dry-cold condition. This NHS-activated PLGA could spontaneously form a gel with gelatin in an aqueous solution within a short time, comparable to a commercial fibrin glue, when gelation was allowed to proceed at pH 8.3. The NHS-activated PLGA prepared from PLGA with the molecular weight of 22 kDa could be readily dissolved at high concentrations and its ability to form a gel was maintained for more than 10 min when an acidic 8% NHS-activated PLGA solution was used. The bonding strength of PLGA gelatin glues with natural tissue was higher than that of fibrin glue. These findings strongly suggest that this combination of gelatin and NHS-PLGA is very promising as a surgical adhesive and may possibly replace fibrin glues prepared from human blood components.
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PMID:A novel surgical glue composed of gelatin and N-hydroxysuccinimide activated poly(L-glutamic acid): Part 1. Synthesis of activated poly(L-glutamic acid) and its gelation with gelatin. 985 88


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