Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

HCV infections are diagnosed by determining the circulating antibodies to the C 100 recombinant viral antigen using the ELISA method. Cut-off analysis from normal subjects and well documented NANBH patients suggests that screening of a low risk group such as blood donors might yield a relatively high ratio of false positives. An immunoblot assay (Chiron RIBA) using 3 recombinant antigens, C 100, 5-1-1 and SOD has been developed for evaluating the ELISA reactives as an additional, more specific assay. In the RIBA testing 51.5% were reactive and 28.5% were indeterminate in ELISA positive donor specimens, and 79.5% were reactive and 8.0% were indeterminate in ELISA positive non-A, non-B hepatitis patients specimens. These findings coincide with the ratio of theoretically calculated true positive. In a study done by Ortho U.S.A. viral RNA were detected in 70% of RIBA reactive, 33% of indeterminate and 3.6% non-reactive specimens by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Furthermore, an advanced system using another immunogenic region of viral polyprotein including c33c encoded in NS3 has been on trial to evaluate the possibility of confirming HCV infection and detecting seroconversion at an earlier stage.
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PMID:[Interpretation of Ortho HCV Ab ELISA test results by chiron HCV recombinant immunoblot assay]. 184 12

The Quebec isolate of bovine coronavirus (BCV) was found to contain four unique major structural proteins. These proteins consisted of the peplomeric protein (gp190/E2, gp100/E2), the nucleocapsid protein (p53/N) and its apparent trimer (p160/N), a family of small matrix glycoproteins (gp26/E1, gp25/E1 and p23/E1) and the putative haemagglutinin (gp124/E3). Pulse-chase experiments utilizing polyclonal antiserum and monoclonal antibodies indicated that the unique BCV E3 protein had its primary precursor an N-linked glycoprotein with an Mr of 59,000 (gp59) which underwent rapid dimerization by disulphide bond formation to yield gp118. Further glycosylation of gp118 produced gp124/E3 which incorporated fucose. Thus gp124/E3 was probably a homodimer. The processing of the E2 and E1 proteins of BCV was similar to that shown previously for mouse hepatitis virus. A large N-linked precursor glycoprotein, gp170, underwent further glycosylation to yield gp190/E2 before subsequent proteolytic cleavage to yield gp100/E2. The glycosylated E1 (gp26, gp25) proteins arose as a result of O-linked glycosylation of p23/E1 as indicated by the resistance of these species to tunicamycin.
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PMID:Structural proteins of bovine coronavirus and their intracellular processing. 368 Dec 66

The antibody to 65 KD mycobacterial heat shock protein (HSP65) and antibody to human superoxide dismutase (H-SOD) were measured by ELISA in patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), and results were compared with those of patients with chronic active hepatitis C (CAH-C) or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and normal subjects (NS). Patients with AIH had significantly higher OD values of anti-HSP65 antibody and anti-H-SOD antibody compared with those of patients with CAH-C or SLE and NS. OD values of anti-HSP65 antibody were correlated with those of anti-SOD antibody. Affinity-purified anti-SOD antibody reacted with HSP65. Analysis of the amino acid sequence of human SOD showed that 7 segments, corresponding to r to 25 amino acid residues, exhibited 50 to 71% homology with that of my mycobacterial HSP65.
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PMID:Detection of antibodies to 65 KD heat shock protein and to human superoxide dismutase in autoimmune hepatitis-molecular mimicry between 65 KD heat shock protein and superoxide dismutase. 860 87

The N-terminal region of the hepatitis-C virus (HCV) core protein is rich in basic residues, while the C-terminal end of the protein comprises of a stretch of hydrophobic amino acids. Between these two extremes is an amphipathic region with two predicted alpha-helical segments. This region embodies Leu or hydrophobic residues in positions of heptad repeats and is possibly capable of self-association. To investigate this possibility, the core sequence was divided into two fragments and expressed separately as recombinant proteins. Recombinant proteins with the N-terminal fragment remained as monomers even at high concentrations in SDS/PAGE. Recombinant protein with the C-terminal fragment appeared largely monomeric on denaturing gels but some oligomers were also detected. Furthermore, proline mutations in either one of the predicted alpha helices adversely affected the observed oligomerization. The self-association capacity of the core protein C-terminal region was further supported by results from a yeast two-hybrid system. To affirm our conclusion, a peptide covering the heptad repeats and the predicted alpha helices was synthesized. Data from mass spectrometry and gel-filtration chromatography concluded that this peptide readily self-associated into the homodimer. Therefore, our results suggest that the oligomerization motifs of the HCV core protein may not be limited to the previously suggested N-terminal region.
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PMID:Self-association of the C-terminal domain of the hepatitis-C virus core protein. 985 97

Serum samples were taken from 57 patients with sporadic non-A, -B, and -C (Non A, B, C) acute hepatitis at different times after onset of the disease and tested for the presence of the hepatitis E virus (HEV) RNA, IgM, and low avidity IgG antibodies. The viral antibodies were detected using two ELISA. One assay (GL) was produced using a mixture of recombinant peptides specified by ORF2 and ORF3 of the viral genome. The other was produced with an ORF2 specified peptide, pE2. The latter occurs naturally as homodimer, it is recognized strongly in its dimeric form by human sera and, in the primate model, it confers protection against experimental HEV infection. Nineteen samples were positive for one or more of these acute markers of HEV infection, 14 of which were acute sera with elevated ALT levels and 5 were convalescent sera with normal ALT level. The results showed that icteric phase of sporadic hepatitis lasts for about 17 days and it coincides with a period when viremia is subsiding as HEV antibodies are developing. Viremia was intermittent and all but one of the 5 instances were confined to the icteric phase with elevated ALT levels. On two of these occasions, viremia preceded detection of HEV antibody, on another 2 occasions it was concurrent with the detection of pE2 specific IgM and/or low avidity IgG and only in one case of protracted viremia was the viral genome detected concurrently with avid pE2 IgG antibody. Ten (71%) of the 14 acute sera were reactive for pE2 IgM, eight (57%) were reactive for low avidity pE2 IgG, and six (43%) for the GL IgM. The sensitivity for the diagnosis of acute hepatitis E may be increased to 87% by combining pE2 IgM and viremia. GL IgM was detected later, but persisted for a longer period of time than the pE2 antibodies, and it was the only acute antibody detected in the convalescent sera.
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PMID:Occurrence of hepatitis E virus IgM, low avidity IgG serum antibodies, and viremia in sporadic cases of non-A, -B, and -C acute hepatitis. 1174 57

HBV and HCV infections are associated with the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the liver that are responsible for the oxidation of intracellular molecules and activation transcription factors. The aim of the present study was to establish whether the presence of hepatitis could be implicated in the elevation of oxidative stress (SOX) and plasma proinflammatory and chemoattractant cytokine levels in uraemic patients. The markers of SOX-autoantibodies to oxidized LDL (OxLDL-Ab); total peroxides; and the major antioxidant enzyme Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD); as well as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha); regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES); and macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha) and beta (MIP-1beta) levels were measured in the plasma of uraemic patients with hepatitis in comparison to subjects without hepatitis and to healthy volunteers. The values of total peroxide, Cu/Zn SOD, TNF-alpha, and MIP-1beta, were significantly elevated in uraemic patients when compared to the controls, whereas RANTES were decreased. MIP-1alpha and OxLDL-Ab were similar in the two groups. Cu/Zn SOD, MIP-1beta and RANTES concentrations were significantly higher in the hepatitis-positive relative to the hepatitis-negative group. Both MIP-1beta and RANTES were directly associated with Cu/Zn SOD levels and the presence of hepatitis. Multiple stepwise regression analysis has shown that the duration of dialysis, followed by the presence of hepatitis, independently and significantly predicted increased Cu/Zn SOD levels, whereas elevated Cu/Zn SOD as an independent variable was significantly associated with both increased both MIP-1beta and RANTES in uraemic patients. These results suggest that the presence of viral hepatitis status and liver injury are novel determinants of increased oxidative stress, as well as of increased MIP-1beta and RANTES levels in uraemic patients.
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PMID:Hepatitis intensified oxidative stress, MIP-1beta and RANTES plasma levels in uraemic patients. 1556 48

Hydnophytum formicarum Jack. (Rubiaceae) is a medicinal plant whose tubers possesses cardiovascular, anti-inflammatory and antiparasitic effects and have been used for the treatment of hepatitis, rheumatism and diarrhea. Herein we report the isolation of its active constituents and the testing of their antimicrobial activity against 27 strains of microorganisms using an agar dilution method and of their antioxidative activity using the DPPH and SOD assays. The results show that the crude hexane, dichloromethane, ethylacetate and methanol extracts exert such activities. Particularly, the crude ethyl acetate extract exhibits antigrowth activity against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with MIC 256 microg/mL. Shewanella putrefaciens ATCC 8671 is completely inhibited at a lower MIC (128 microg/mL). Interestingly, Corynebacterium diphtheriae NCTC10356 is inhibited by all the tested extracts. Significantly, the ethyl acetate extract is also the most potent antioxidant, showing 83.31% radical scavenging activity with IC50 8.40 microg/mL in the DPPH assay. The other extracts display weak to moderate antioxidative activities, ranging from 28.60-56.80% radical scavenging. The SOD assay shows that methanol extract exhibits the highest activity (74.19% inhibition of superoxide radical). The dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extracts display comparable SOD activity. The promising bioactivities of the crude ethyl acetate extract guided the first isolation of bioactive flavonoid and phenolic compounds: isoliquiritigenin (2), protocatechualdehyde(3), butin (4) and butein (5) from this species. Their structures have been fully established by 1D and 2D NMR. In addition, stigmasterol was isolated from the crude hexane and dichloromethane extracts. The antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of compounds 3-5 were evaluated. The tested compounds were inactive against HuCCA-1 and KB cell lines,showing ED50> 10 microg/mL. Protocatechualdehyde (3) completely inhibits the growth of Plesiomonas shigelloides with MIC <or=60 microg/mL. As a result, we propose that Hydnophytum formicarum Jack. can serve as a new source enriched with potent antioxidative and antimicrobial agents.
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PMID:Antimicrobial and antioxidative activities of bioactive constituents from Hydnophytum formicarum Jack. 1846 92

Injection of D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide (DGaIN/LPS) is useful as an experimental model of acute hepatic damage. Juvenile rats were used for investigation. The hepatoprotective activity of aqueous garlic (Allium sativum) extract (AGE) at a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight for 14 days, intraperitoneal (i.p.) prior to the induction of DGalN/LPS, was investigated against DGalN/LPS-induced hepatitis in rats. DGalN/LPS (300 mg/kg body weight/30 microg/kg body weight, i.p.), induced hepatic damage that was manifested by a significant increase in the activities of marker enzymes [alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and gamma glutamyl transferase (gamma GT)], bilirubin, lipid peroxides (LPO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity level in serum. Also, the lipid profile in serum and liver homogenate including total cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids and phospholipids were significantly deteriorated. The antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, SOD; reduced glutathione, GSH; catalase, CAT and glutathione peroxidase, GPX) in liver homogenate were significantly decreased in the DGalN/LPS. Pretreatment of rats with AGE reversed these altered parameters near to normal control values. Results of this study revealed that AGE could afford a significant protection in the alleviation of DGalN/LPS-induced hepatic damage.
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PMID:Aqueous garlic extract attenuates hepatitis and oxidative stress induced by galactosamine/lipoploysaccharide in rats. 1857 Feb 25

The purpose of this study was to study the hepatoprotective effects of the most promising extract of the root from Rubus aleaefolius Poir. and to isolate and identify the active components. Various crude forms of Rubus aleaefolius have been evaluated for their effects on CCl(4)-induced acute liver injury in mice vivo experimental model. Treatment groups contained 5 sub-groups that were ethanol crude extract; the high/low dosage ethyl acetate or n-butanol fraction; extracted with ethyl acetate or n-butanol after the residues and major constituent; intragastrically administrated with 35 mg/kg; 35, 4.6 mg/kg; 35, 5.8 mg/kg; 35 mg/kg and 3.5 mg/kg for 7 days. The serum samples were collected for biological analysis and also carried out histopathological studies. The low-dosage ethyl acetate fraction was the most active when the fractions were compared. It was found to decrease AST, ALT; to prevent formation of hepatic MDA, NO and intensify the activity of SOD. The histopathological changes induced by CCl(4) were also significantly reduced. The separation revealed the presence of six constituents by a bioassay-guided fractionation, beta-Sitosterol (1), 1beta-Hydroxyeuscaphic acid (2), Oleanolic acid (3), Myrianthic acid (4), Euscaphic acid (5), and Tomentic acid (6). Among them, compounds 2, 4, 5 in Rubus aleaefolius root is reported here for the first time. 1beta-Hydroxyeuscaphic acid (major constituent) showed a tremendous activity and the results confirm the traditional uses of Rubus aleaefolius in treating hepatitis.
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PMID:Hepatoprotective effects of Rubus aleaefolius Poir. and identification of its active constituents. 2036 54

The NS2 protein of hepatitis C virus (HCV) plays a critical role in virus morphogenesis and infectivity. The crystal structure of the C-terminus of the NS2 protein (NS2(Pro)) from the H77 strain indicates that NS2(Pro) forms a homodimer. In this study, using computational modelling, we identified residues at the NS2(Pro) dimer interface that have a role in dimerization and confirmed their capacity to influence dimerization by expression studies. Our modelling analysis identified 22 residues at the NS2(Pro) dimer interface that may be important for dimer formation. Based on the free binding energy, we selected the top five ranked mutations (V162A, M170A, I175A, D186A and I201A) for further study. Western blot analysis revealed that M170A, I175A, I201A, D186A and V162A resulted in a 4.0-, 3.2-, 3.0-, 2.8- and 1.5-fold increase, respectively, in the monomer/dimer ratio compared to wild type, confirming a role in homodimer formation or stability. Japanese Fulminant Hepatitis type 1 mutants expressing M170A, I175A, D186A and I201A demonstrated increasing defects in both RNA replication and the production of infectious virus compared to wild type. This study identified residues at the NS2(Pro) dimer interface that modulate NS2(Pro) homodimerization and demonstrated that abrogation of NS2(Pro) homodimerization results in defects in HCV replication and release of infectious virus.
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PMID:Identification of residues involved in NS2 homodimerization and elucidation of their impact on the HCV life cycle. 2232 73


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