Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

It has been 30 years since the Third World Health Assembly convened a WHO Expert Committee to consider investigation, control, and prevention of viral hepatitis. During that time, significant advances have been made in understanding the etiology and epidemiology of viral hepatitis. Technological advances of the 1970s enabled widespread rapid diagnosis and the development of vaccines of high efficacy. These advances have allowed the implementation of control programs on a global scale. Because liver cancer (PHC) is among the 10 most common cancers in the world, the link between PHC and viral hepatitis is important. Up to 80% of these cancers are attributable to the hepatitis B virus. Although the development of PHC is not associated with acute hepatitis B virus itself, the chronic HBV carrier state may be classified as a precancerous lesion. Task forces have been convened consider implementation of hepatitis control programs, especially in countries where the infection is hyperendemic. The most important prevention method is active immunization, but vaccination strategies must consider differences in geographical patterns of prevalence. In areas of low endemicity, such as North America, Western Europe, and Australia, immunization of selected high risk groups is suggested. In areas of high endemicity, such as sub-Saharan Africa, southeast Asia, and China, large-scale vaccination of infants is recommended, similar to DPT and polio vaccination programs. Current hepatitis B vaccines are favorable to mass infant immunization because of their high tolerability, excellent immunogenicity, and their ability to induce primary humeral antibody response. However, these vaccines are available in insufficient quantities and the costs are too high for use on a large scale. Newer vaccines, based on recombinant DNA techniques (rather than plasma-derived vaccines) show promise in increasing the quantity and reducing the cost of hepatitis B vaccines.
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PMID:World-wide control of hepatitis B. 624 Apr 73

Hepatitis B is highly endemic in Senegal. The prevalence of hepatitis B antigens in the population was estimated to be 10 to 12% in 1982. According to the WHO recommendations, a hepatitis B vaccination program (HBV) was launched in 10 medical centers in the Kolda medical region to assess the feasibility of including HBV in the EPI. The epidemiological impact of HBV was also investigated by comparison of the vaccinated zone (VZ) to a control non vaccinated zone (NVZ). HBV coverage had a pattern similar to that of DPT-IPV, but at a lower level: the overall coverage with HBV was only 37.5%, and the drop out rate for HBV1-3 was only 34.4%. In addition, the coverage of the under one year age group was insufficient: 45% for HBV3 as compared to 78% for DPT3 (p < 0.0001). Routine vaccination records in the medical centers in the VZ were consistent with the findings of cluster surveys. Hepatitis B markers were less prevalent among vaccinated that non vaccinated children (8 versus 18.5%, p < 0.001). HB antigenemia was significantly less frequent in the VZ than the NVZ (3.9 versus 10.9, p < 0.0001), and the difference was even larger for all hepatitis markers (7.4 versus 23.7%, p < 0.0001). This study therefore suggests that the inclusion of HBV in the EPI should be continued and strengthened in less accessible regions by an adapted social mobilization program. HBV could then be extended to the whole medical district of Kolda in association with regular epidemiological and serological surveillance.
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PMID:[Inclusion of hepatitis B vaccination in the Expanded Program of Immunization: feasibility study in the medical region of Kolda (Senegal)]. 789 28

INTRODUCTION: Huanta is an interandean valley at 2,400 meters above sea level in the peruvian highlands. It is hyperendemic for HBV, and deaths related to HBV such a fulminant hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatic carcinoma make up 8% of the total mortality. A pilot program of inmunization against HBV integrated with the Expanded Immunization Program (EPI) was established in 1994, so as to limit the incidence if HBV-HDV, and as a strategy to improve EPI coverages.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 1,412 children under 1 year old and 5,175 children from 1 to 4 years old were scheduled for vaccination. Three doses of the recombinant DNA vaccine agains HBV were used for each child. The schedule was adapted to the EPI vaccination calendar. In children under a year the schedule was: newborns: BCG, Polio, HBVI; 2 months: Poliol DPTI, HBV2; 3 months: Polio 2, DPT2; 4 months: polio 3, DPT3, HBV3; 9 months: Measles. In the group of children from 1 to 4 years old, the schedule was: HBVI at child recruitment; HBV2: after 2 months of the first one, HBV3: after 6 month of the first one.RESULTS: One year after starting, 3 dose immunizations have been made in 1,386 (98.1%) children under one year old and 4,353 (84.1%) in children from 1 to 4 years old. No important side effects related to the HB vaccine have been recorded; one case of HAV and two of HBV occurred in children who were beginning their immunization schedule. The objective of improving vaccination coverage by the EPI was achieved; the coverage in children under one year old for DPT were 76% (1991), 64.5% (1992), 55.2% (1993), and as a result of the strategy the coverage was improved to 98.1%. The program efficacy is demonstrated by the significative reduction of the infection rates of children 3-4 years old in 1994 (24.4-30.4%) compared with the children infection rates of the same age in 1997 (2.3-5.1 %).CONCLUSION: Including the HBV vaccine within the EPI program in a hyperendemic area for HBV-HDV has improved the EPI coverages; the vaccination compaign strategy has shown its effectiveness and safety, showing impact in the reduction of infection rates.
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PMID:[IMPACT OF THE IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM INTEGRATED TO THE EXPANDED IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM(EPI) IN HUANTA,1994-1997] 1214 May 82

In the present study, Aluminium quantification in immunobiologicals has been described using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) technique. The assay was found to be linear in 25-125 microg/ml Aluminium range. The procedure was found to be accurate for different vaccines with recoveries of external additions ranging between 93.26 and 103.41%. The mean Limit of Variation (L.V.) for both intra- and inter-assay precision was calculated to be 1.62 and 2.22%, respectively. Further the procedure was found to be robust in relation to digestion temperature, alteration in acid (HNO(3) and H(2)SO(4)) ratio used for sample digestion and storage of digested vaccine samples up to a period of 15 days. After validation, AAS method was compared for its equivalency with routinely used complexometric titration method. On simultaneously applying on seven different groups of both bacterial and viral vaccines, viz., DPT, DT, TT, Hepatitis-A and B, Antirabies vaccine (cell culture) and tetravalent DPT-Hib, a high degree of positive correlation (+0.85-0.998) among AAS and titration methods was observed. Further AAS method was found to have an edge over complexometric titration method that a group of vaccines, viz., ARV (cell culture, adsorbed) and Hepatitis-A, in which Aluminium estimation is not feasible by pharmacopoeial approved complexometric titration method (possibly due to some interference in the sample matrix), this newly described and validated AAS assay procedure delivered accurate and reproducible results.
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PMID:Standardization and validation of a new atomic absorption spectroscopy technique for determination and quantitation of aluminium adjuvant in immunobiologicals. 1764 7