Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The mean plasma levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D) were measured before and after the administration of 2000 units of daily oral vitamin D2 for a period of 2 weeks in 9 normal infants and children, 7 infants with neonatal hepatitis and persistent neonatal hepatitis, and 4 infants with congenital biliary atresia. The mean plasma level of 25-OH-D increased significantly from 19.5 +/- 3.7 (S.E.) ng/ml to 34.0 +/- 6.8 (S.E.) ng/ml after administration of vitamin D2 in controls (p less than 0.05). The mean plasma level of 25-OH-D also increased from 8.0 +/- 2.1 (S.E.) ng/ml to 22.1 +/- 2.6 (S.E.) ng/ml after vitamin D treatment in hepatitis group (p less than 0.05). In patients with congenital biliary atresia, vitamin D treatment did not affect eh plasma levels of 25-OH-D.
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PMID:The plasma levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in patients with various liver diseases and the response of 25-hydroxyvitamin D to vitamin D treatment. 30 85

Serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25-OHD) concentrations were measured in 49 patients with hepatobiliary disease in infancy. Low mean values were found in groups of patients with biliary atresia, neonatal hepatitis, choledochal cyst, and chronic intrahepatic cholestatic syndrome. In the group of patients with surgically repaired biliary atresia, the mean value did not differ from normal. Parenteral vitamin D increased 25-OHD in serum in patients with biliary atresia, but did not do so in one patient with neonatal hepatitis. In contrast, oral vitamin D did not increase serum 25-OHD concentrations in patients with biliary atresia. It is concluded that the reduction of serum 25-OHD seen in biliary atresia was largely due to the malabsorption of vitamin D, while in neonatal hepatitis it was due to impairment of 25-hydroxylation of the vitamin.
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PMID:Serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D in hepatobiliary disease in infancy. 47 12

Biological activity of 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol was studied in rats. 1alpha-Hydroxycholecalciferol was found to be more potent and rapidly active than vitamin D in stimulating intestinal calcium transport and calcium mobilization from bone both in normal and vitamin D deficient rats. 1alpha-Hydroxycholecalciferol was also active in nephrectomized and/or thyroparathyroidectomized rats both in intestine and bone. Although it is well known that 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol is metabolized to 1alpha, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in the liver, there is the possibility that the former is active without further metabolism. In rats in which hepatitis was induced by CCl4, 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol was active both in the intestine and in the bone, while it was inactive in hepatectomized rats. These data clearly demonstrate that 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol is not active by itself and must be metabolized in the liver. This idea also shows the lag time in response of rats to 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol has more potent antirachitic activity than vitamin D and does not lose its activity with chronic oral administration. In view of these findings, 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol appears to have a good potential for clinical application in cases of renal failure and metabolic bone diseases.
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PMID:[Biological activity of 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1). Effect on intestine and bone in rats (author's transl)]. 65 40

A permature male infant required intravenous alimentation for six weeks following extensive surgery for ileal and cecal necrosis. At 3 months he developed evidence of hepatitis. Subsequently osteoporosis and the Fanconi syndrome appeared. Urine phosphate clearance was 83 percent of creatinine clearance at a serum phosphate concentration of 1.6 mg/dl. Concentration of plasma immunoreactive parathyroid hormone was elevated at 550 pg/ml. 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol was given at 240 mug/day. Aminoaciduria disappeared and bone healing occurred. Serum phosphate rose to 6.5 mg/dl and phosphate clearance fell to 2 percent of creatinine clearance. Upon cessation of 25-OHCC therapy, the Fanconi syndrome recurred despite administration of vitamin D2. 25-OHCC was then administered at 40 mug/day, and the urine abnormalities were reversed. The patient probably developed hyperparathyroidism, secondary malabsorption, and hepatitis. The Fanconi syndrome was the consequence of the hyperparathyroidism. 25-OHCC therapy was more effective than vitamin D in reversing the disordered state, possibly because of impaired hepatic metabolism of vitamin D2.
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PMID:Fanconi syndrome following bowel surgery and hepatitis reversed by 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. 112 25

An infant with chronic cytomegalovirus hepatitis and a child with atypical Alagille's syndrome had vitamin D deficiency rickets due to malabsorption. Both received ultraviolet irradiation. This treatment corrected biochemical abnormalities and healed the rickets. In the infant use of a sunlamp at home maintained normal 25 hydroxy-vitamin D for over a year. Our study shows that ultraviolet irradiation is an effective treatment of hepatobiliary rickets.
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PMID:Ultraviolet irradiation for hepatic rickets. 254 10

Side effects of carbamazepine (CBZ), valproate (VPA) and clonazepam (CZP) are rare during long-term use but rather common and usually transient during the early phases of treatment. The usual side effects of CBZ are drowsiness, dizziness, and diplopia, which are dose dependent in long-term use, but CBZ does not seem to cause cognitive disturbances, as do phenobarbital and phenytoin. Other reactions to CBZ may include leukopenia, hyponatremia, disturbances of vitamin D metabolism and fortunately rarely, agranulocytosis and hepatitis. Use of VPA can lead to gastrointestinal discomfort, weight gain, hair loss, tremor and sedation, but these side effects are rather uncommon, mild, and transient during VPA monotherapy. Potentially hazardous reactions such as hepatitis and pancreatitis have occurred in a few patients on VPA, generally with multidrug therapy. Some of the side effects are dose related. They infrequently lead to withdrawal of VPA. Side effects limited to initiation of CZP therapy include drowsiness, ataxia, and behavioral changes; they are usually transient but can lead to dose reduction or even withdrawal of the drug. Except for development of tolerance, CZP seems to be practically free of long-term side effects.
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PMID:Side effects of carbamazepine, valproate and clonazepam during long-term treatment of epilepsy. 642 98

Implementation of the Safe Motherhood initiative in India calls for the institution of good prenatal care for all women. The first aspect of prenatal care is collecting the patient's history and reviewing the health history of her family. The physical examination should include inspection for reproductive tract diseases, a bimanual examination early in pregnancy to correlate the size of the uterus and the reported last menstrual period, and routine abdominal palpation. Ultrasonography should be performed at least once. Laboratory tests should include analysis of hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, urine analysis, blood grouping and Rh typing, serological tests for syphilis, antibody screening and screening for rubella and hepatitis antigen, and cervical cytology. Additional screening and genetic testing may be necessary in certain cases. Women with no complications should be seen once a month for 28-30 weeks, once every two weeks until 36 weeks, and once a week thereafter. High-risk patients should be seen more frequently. Infections detected during pregnancy must be properly treated with antibiotics, although, in general, women should avoid medications during pregnancy. In India, hematinics and vitamins should be given to all pregnant women. Drugs and substances to be avoided during pregnancy include tetracycline, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, cotrimoxazole, diuretics, alcohol, trimethadone, warfarin, lithium, quinine, sex hormones, anesthetics, tobacco, vitamin D, and all live vaccines except BCG. Common sense should dictate the safe level of activity for a pregnant woman.
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PMID:Role of antenatal care in safe motherhood. 765 37

The therapeutic effect of most immunosuppressive agents is unspecific and therefore often limited by an increased risk of infection by viral, bacterial or fungal organisms as well as by an increased incidence of malignant neoplasms. This short review includes the most commonly used immunosuppressants such as corticosteroids, azathioprine, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide and cyclosporine. The most common risks of long-term corticosteroid treatment are Cushing-like changes, decreased glucose tolerance and the usually benign steroid diabetes. Also clinically important is osteoporosis, since it can be prevented by physical training, calcium supplementation and treatment with vitamin D if necessary. Although there is still no proof of a significantly increased risk of peptic ulcer during steroid therapy, patients may develop gastrointestinal hemorrhage and even perforation without producing pain while being treated with corticosteroids. Mineralocorticoid effects, such as salt and water retention, are seen only with hydrocortisone and prednisone, whereas with synthetic steroids such as dexamethasone, sodium retention is absent despite their strong antiphlogistic activity. The most important side effect of the cytotoxic agents azathioprine, methotrexate and cyclophosphamide is marrow suppression. Due to the high turnover of neutrophils, patients most frequently suffer neutropenia rather than thrombocytopenia or anemia. Neutropenia, as well as impaired humoral and cellular immune mechanisms, are responsible for increased susceptibility to bacterial, viral or parasitic diseases during immunosuppressive therapy. Hepatotoxicity has been reported among patients receiving azathioprine (cholestatic hepatitis) and methotrexate (elevated AST levels and, rarely, liver fibrosis or cirrhosis). Cyclophosphamide causes hemorrhagic cystitis in a substantial proportion of patients, as well as an increased incidence of urothelial neoplasms. Both these side effects may be prevented by Mesna. The most important side effects of cyclosporine are acute and chronic nephrotoxicity usually associated with significantly elevated plasma levels of the drug. It must be borne in mind that severe nephrotoxicity may occur in patients receiving cyclosporine and ketoconazole together, since the latter may inappropriately increase the plasma cyclosporine level.
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PMID:[Immunosuppression--a tightrope walk between iatrogenic harm and therapy]. 892 65

Twin and adoptee studies have indicated that host genetic factors are major determinants of susceptibility to infectious disease in humans. Twin studies have also found high heritabilities for many humoral and cellular immune responses to pathogen antigens, with most of the genetic component mapping outside of the major histocompatibility complex. Candidate gene studies have implicated several immunogenetic polymorphisms in human infectious diseases. HLA variation has been associated with susceptibility or resistance to malaria, tuberculosis, leprosy, AIDS, and hepatitis virus persistence. Variation in the tumor necrosis factor gene promoter has also been associated with several infectious diseases. Chemokine receptor polymorphism affects both susceptibility ot HIV-1 infection and the rate of progression to AIDS. Inactivating mutations of the gamma-interferon receptor lead to increased susceptibility to typical mycobacteria and disseminated BCG infection in homozygous children. The active form of vitamin D has immunomodulatory effects, and allelic variants of the vitamin D receptor appear to be associated with differential susceptibility to several infectious diseases. NRAMP1, a macrophage gene identified by positional cloning of its murine homologue, has been implicated in susceptibility to tuberculosis in Africans. Whole genome linkage analysis of multi-case families is now being used to map and identify new loci affecting susceptibility to infectious diseases. It is likely that susceptibility to most microorganisms is determined by a large number of polymorphic genes, and identification of these should provide insights into protective and pathogenic mechanisms in infectious diseases.
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PMID:The immunogenetics of human infectious diseases. 959 43

Infections remain among the major causes of disease, hospitalization and death in uremic patients, especially in those treated by dialysis. Several pathophysiologic factors enhance this infectious risk: (1) breakdown of protective barriers; (2) affinity of bacteria for foreign materials; (3) bioincompatibility; (4) uremic toxin retention; (5) deficiency and resistance to vitamin D; (6) carriership of germs, and (7) malnutrition. Twenty to 30% of dialysis patients develop infection, and 20-30% of these die from their infection. Sepsis is significantly more frequent, and mortality secondary to sepsis is 50 times higher than in the normal population. Bacteremia (prevalence 1 episode/100 patient-months) is mainly caused by Gram-positive species, especially in vascular access-related infection and infection of unknown origin. Among these Gram-positive germs, staphylococci play a predominant role. The most frequent and most morbid viral infections are associated with hepatitis. Whereas the incidence of hepatitis B decreases, hepatitis C has become the major variant. The incidence of tuberculosis has increased up to 15 times, and in the Western world it mainly affects patients who immigrated from endemic areas. Fungal infections are also frequent, especially in the setting of peritoneal dialysis. In conclusion, infections remain a frequent and morbid problem in dialysis patients. Preventive measures should be applied more vigorously.
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PMID:Incidence of infectious morbidity and mortality in dialysis patients. 1220 97


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