Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

WHO statistics indicated that as of October 1, 1991 there were 418,403 acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients in the world, and an estimated 5-10 million persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were at risk of developing AIDS. 50% of AIDS victims have died. It has been reported that after 1 year of clinical use HIV could develop resistance to AZT (azidothymidine), the only effective drug used worlwide and recommended for clinical use by the US government. AIDS has also been treated by acupuncture and moxibustion which recent experiments have associated with improving immune function and enhancing resistance to disease. The American scientists Smith and Naomi Rabinowitz used acupuncture and moxibustion in the clinical treatment of AIDS from 1982 to 1988 when they treated 350 patients with AIDS and AIDS related complex. 1 advanced case with Kaposi's sarcoma and signs of hemorrhage was significantly improved after treatment. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used successfully in treating cholera, syphilis, epidemic encephalitis, influenza, and hepatitis with a great variety of clinical treatment measures and experiences. In recent years the treatment of AIDS by TCM using herbs and their extracts has been increasing. Dr. Yu of Santa Barbara, California, Hospital, in cooperation with Dr. Chen of China, successfully treated on AIDS patient with Chinese herbal medicine. The patient was still living and well more than 2 years later when another 24 cases which were not treated with TCM died during the same period. In China there are no special laboratories dealing with the prevention and treatment of AIDS, although scientific HIV research could benefit from such activities. On the other hand, foreign scientists and Chinese abroad have accomplished a significant amount of relevant research.
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PMID:Recent development of studies on traditional Chinese medicine in prophylaxis and treatment of AIDS. 159 94

Patients with HIV infection pose a minimal but real risk to healthcare providers who sustain an exposure to such patients' blood or body fluids. Using data from large prospective studies, the estimated risk following parenteral exposure to HIV-positive blood is 0.4%. When a healthcare worker sustains an exposure, Mount Sinai Infection Control recommends immediate referral of the worker to an employee health service or emergency room for evaluation of the incident. Appropriate prophylaxis for hepatitis should be administered in a timely fashion. Counseling should be provided to exposed healthcare workers on the risk for HIV infection and precautions to take in the followup period. Zidovudine should be offered in a timely fashion as well; however, the ultimate decision on that treatment rests with the person exposed.
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PMID:HIV infection in healthcare workers: risk and prevention. 224 98

Aztreoman (SQ 26,776, AZT), a synthetic monobactam antibiotic, was applied clinically in the field of obstetrics and gynecology. AZT was administered by intravenous drip infusion for 6 to 8 days at a daily dose of 2 g divided in 2 times to 5 cases. Klebsiella in 1 case with puerperal endometritis, Enterococcus, Propionibacterium and Bacteroides in each 1 case with pyometra was isolated. The clinical effect of Klebsiella was excellent. Bacteroides in 1 not-examined case was good. Enterococcus and Bacteroides with pyometra was not effective. Side effects were observed in 2 cases. One case with eclampsia arised LDH and A1-P in serum and 1 case with hepatitis arised GOT and GPT in serum.
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PMID:[Clinical experience with aztreonam in the field of obstetrics and gynecology]. 383 57

Hepatitis is a common complication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease in children. Often a distinct pathogen cannot be identified. Therefore, by exclusion, one must consider HIV the direct pathogen. Zidovudine (AZT) has not been used as a treatment for HIV-positive children with presumed HIV-induced hepatitis because of the potential of this medication to exacerbate preexisting hepatitis. We have used AZT to treat an 8-month-old female with severe HIV-induced hepatitis and have achieved complete remission with this regimen. For some HIV-positive children with HIV-induced hepatitis, AZT may be the drug of choice to resolve hepatic inflammation caused by this virus.
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PMID:Use of zidovudine in human immunodeficiency virus-induced hepatitis. 749 78

The transmission, diagnosis, and clinical manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in children up to 13 years of age are reviewed, and maintenance and prophylactic drug therapies for these patients are discussed. HIV can be transmitted from mother to infant in utero, during delivery, or through breast milk. Perinatal transmission accounts for almost 90% of all pediatric HIV infections. HIV infection can be diagnosed with HIV culturing, polymerase chain reaction testing, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the Western blot antibody assay, or the p24 core-antigen assay. Testing should begin as soon as possible after the at-risk child reaches one month of age. CD4+ lymphocyte counts are also used in diagnosis and monitoring. The median age at diagnosis of AIDS in children with perinatally acquired HIV infection is 12-24 months. Among the many possible clinical features are Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), cytomegalovirus infection, failure to thrive, encephalopathy, recurrent bacterial infection, thrush, lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis, lymphadenopathy, pancreatis, hepatitis, anemia, and thrombocytopenia. Zidovudine is considered the drug of choice for initial therapy in HIV-infected children and is indicated for asymptomatic infection, early symptomatic disease, and advanced disease. However, new research is questioning the role of zidovudine monotherapy. Didanosine is the only agent with FDA-approved labeling for use as second-line therapy in children who do not respond to or become resistant to zidovudine. Agents under investigation for pediatric use are zalcitabine, stavudine, lamivudine, and nevirapine. Drug combinations, such as zidovudine plus didanosine, are also being examined. Zidovudine appears to reduce the rate of maternal transmission of HIV. Agents used prophylactically against PCP in children are trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, dapsone, and inhaled or i.v. pentamidine. HIV-infected children should also received prophylaxis against recurrent bacterial infections. The standard pediatric immunization schedule is used, but inactivated injectable poliovirus vaccine must be given instead of the live oral vaccine. Zidovudine remains the first-line agent for treating HIV infection in children. Alternatives are available for those who do not respond to zidovudine.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus infection in children. 764 Oct 35

The hepatitis viruses A through D are prevalent among patients at risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The courses of hepatitis B, C, and D are modified by HIV infection. With hepatitis B, increased carriage rates, increased viral replication, and milder liver injury are seen. The degree of HIV-induced immunosuppression does not correlate well with liver injury or amount of hepatitis B viral replication. With progression to AIDS, surface antibody titers can decline, resulting in reactivation of latent hepatitis B virus or reinfection with another subtype. hepatitis B virus may enhance progression to AIDS. Preliminary data suggest that HIV infection can prolong or increase hepatitis C or D viremia and decrease the accuracy of tests for hepatitis C. Interferon may have efficacy against hepatitis C but rarely against hepatitis B in patients who are coinfected with HIV. Zidovudine, ganciclovir, and foscarnet also may be active against these hepatotropic viruses.
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PMID:Clinical aspects of the interactions between human immunodeficiency virus and the hepatotropic viruses. 801 13

The woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) and its natural host, the Eastern woodchuck (Marmota monax), have been established as a model of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-induced disease. Several published studies have used this experimental animal model system to demonstrate potential antiviral therapies for chronic HBV infections. However, there has been little comparative information available on compounds used in clinical anti-HBV studies in WHV-infected woodchucks, thereby making interpretations of the potential relative effectiveness of new antiviral agents in humans more difficult. In this report, using a series of placebo-controlled studies, we compared the relative effectiveness of several nucleoside analogues that have been used in clinical trials for the treatment of chronic HBV infection against WHV replication in chronically infected woodchucks. Adenine-5'-arabinoside monophosphate (Ara-AMP [vidarabine]), ribavirin, (-)beta-L-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine (3TC [lamivudine]), and famciclovir (oral prodrug of penciclovir) induced depressions in viremia and intrahepatic WHV-DNA replication that were consistent with their relative effectiveness in anti-HBV human clinical trials. As observed in HBV-infected patients, 3' azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT [zidovudine]) had no effect on WHV replication in these studies. These experimental results more firmly establish chronic WHV infection in woodchucks as an accurate and predictive model for antiviral therapies against chronic HBV infection in humans and provide a baseline for comparative antiviral effects of other experimental antiviral agents in the WHV/woodchuck model system.
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PMID:Treatment of chronic woodchuck hepatitis virus infection in the Eastern woodchuck (Marmota monax) with nucleoside analogues is predictive of therapy for chronic hepatitis B virus infection in humans. 1079 94

A case study is presented of a 28-year-old, HIV-infected male with hepatic dysfunction of unknown etiology. After failure on AZT and 3TC, the patient was prescribed d4T, 3TC, and nevirapine. After three weeks of treatment, the patient had poor appetite, bloating, and fever. Blood chemistries, diagnostic imaging, and hepatitis and CMV serologies were all performed, with no clear findings. Since there had been reports of liver dysfunction from nevirapine, all medications were ceased, and the patient's condition improved. The role of antiretroviral agents, particularly nevirapine, in liver dysfunction is explored. Contraindications in prescribing this drug, particularly for patients with impaired liver function or current alcohol or drug abuse, are also discussed.
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PMID:Hepatitis in an HIV-infected man. 1136 58

It is critical to take HIV medications, particularly protease inhibitors, exactly as prescribed to reduce the risks of developing resistance. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently approved a new drug, Combivir, a combination of 3TC (lamivudine) and AZT in one tablet. Combivir works by interfering with the HIV life cycle to prevent it from replicating, and is taken twice a day with or without food. Patients with low body mass, hepatitis, or liver or kidney disease should not take Combivir. Blood counts need to be monitored regularly when taking this drug. Potential side effects include headache, nausea, fatigue, diarrhea, nasal congestion, or flu-like symptoms. A phone number is provided for more information on Combivir.
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PMID:What you need to know about Combivir. 1136 67

While it appears that protease inhibitors in combination therapies are saving lives, questions continue: (1) which combinations of protease inhibitors and other antiretroviral agents are most effective in restoring immune function, (2) how these combinations can be used most effectively, and (3) what is the best time to start using them? An evaluation is presented on the immunological value of specific drug cocktail combinations and a comparison of the best and worst drug combinations and the reasons for this assessment. It indicates that Norvir is the most effective of all four protease inhibitors in preventing opportunistic infections, lymphomas, and cancers. D4T and 3TC are the safest and most effective of the nucleosides for preventing or remitting opportunistic infections when used with protease inhibitors. Rescriptor is the most therapeutic of the two non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in increasing absorption of protease inhibitors. The best drug combination therapies are listed as follows: Norvir plus Rescriptor; Norvir plus D4T; Norvir plus 3TC; Norvir, Rescriptor, and D4T; Norvir, Rescriptor, and 3TC; Norvir, D4T, and 3TC; and Crixivan or Viracept plus Rescriptor plus either D4T or 3TC. The worst drug combination therapies are listed as follows: AZT plus ddI (used in combination with a protease inhibitor); AZT or ddI or Combivir (used in combinations with a protease inhibitor); and any two protease inhibitors used together in any person with active hepatitis or elevated liver enzymes or impaired kidney function.
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PMID:An evaluation of drug cocktail combinations for their immunological value in preventing/remitting opportunistic infections. 1136 16


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