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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A simple, specific and economical dipstick immunobinding enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DIA) for detecting hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibodies to hepatitis delta virus (anti-HDV), utilizing cellulose nitrate membrane is described. Screening of 815 serum specimens for HBsAg by DIA and micro ELISA revealed a positivity of 22.69% and 22.94% respectively. In the detection of antibodies to delta antigen, DIA was compared with an indirect immunofluorescence technique using A3 cell line as antigen substrate and a commercial macro ELISA. Of the 143 HBsAg positive sera tested for anti-HDV, 59 (41.25%) were positive by both immunofluorescence and macro ELISA and 61 (42.65%) by DIA. While the positive and negative predictive values of DIA for HBsAg were 100% and 99.6%, for anti-HDV by DIA these were 96.7% and 100% respectively. Based on the simplicity of performance and the economical nature of the test system, DIA is recommended as a diagnostic tool for field surveys and small laboratories in developing countries.
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PMID:A dipstick immunobinding enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serodiagnosis of hepatitis B and delta virus infections. 164 91

Nitrate balance and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) excretion were studied in woodchucks chronically infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV). Twenty-four-h urinary recovery of a bolus dose of [15N]nitrate was 54 +/- 12% in woodchucks. WHV-infected animals formed 3-fold more nitrate endogenously than did control animals (P less than 0.01). Treatment of WHV-infected animals with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide increased nitrate excretion 15-fold, while uninfected animals increased nitrate excretion 4-fold. The endogenous formation of NDMA was higher in WHV-infected woodchucks than in uninfected controls. After administration of L-[15N2]arginine, [15N]nitrate, and [15N]NDMA were detected in urine indicating that arginine is a precursor of biosynthesized nitrate and the hepatocarcinogen NDMA. NDMA probably results from the formation of nitrosating agents during the oxidation of arginine to oxides of nitrogen and citrulline. Woodchucks chronically infected with WHV develop hepatocellular carcinomas with high frequency. Our observations suggest an additional mechanism that may be involved in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma associated with chronic WHV infection.
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PMID:Elevated formation of nitrate and N-nitrosodimethylamine in woodchucks (Marmota monax) associated with chronic woodchuck hepatitis virus infection. 185 9

A bacterium with a spiral shape and bipolar, single, sheathed flagella was isolated from the livers of mice with active, chronic hepatitis. The bacteria also colonized the cecal and colonic mucosae of mice. The bacterium grew at 37 degrees C under microaerophilic and anaerobic conditions, rapidly hydrolyzed urea, was catalase and oxidase positive, reduced nitrate to nitrite, and was resistant to cephalothin metronidazole. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the organism was classified as a novel helicobacter, Helicobacter hepaticus. This new helicobacter, like two other murine Helicobacter species, H. muridarum and "H. rappini," is an efficient colonizer of the gastrointestinal tract, but in addition, it has the pathogenic potential to elicit persistent hepatitis in mice.
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PMID:Helicobacter hepaticus sp. nov., a microaerophilic bacterium isolated from livers and intestinal mucosal scrapings from mice. 805 Dec 50

On the basis of biochemical, phenotypic, and 16S rRNA analysis, a novel gram-negative bacterium, isolated from normal and diarrheic dogs as well as humans with gastroenteritis, has been recently named Helicobacter canis. A 2-month-old female crossbred puppy was submitted to necropsy with a history of weakness and vomiting for several hours prior to death. The liver had multiple and slightly irregular yellowish foci up to 1.5 cm in diameter. Histologically, the liver parenchyma contained randomly distributed, occasionally coalescing hepatocellular necrosis, often accompanied by large numbers of mononuclear cells and neutrophils. Sections of liver stained by the Warthin-Starry silver impregnation technique revealed spiral- to curve-shaped bacteria predominantly located in bile canaliculi and occasionally in bile ducts. Aerobic culture of liver was negative, whereas small colonies were noted on Campylobacter selective media after 5 days of microaerobic incubation. The bacteria were gram negative and oxidase positive but catalase, urease, and indoxyl acetate negative; nitrate was not reduced to nitrite, and the organism did not hydrolyze hippurate. The bacteria were also resistant to 1.5% bile. Electron microscopy revealed spiral-shaped bacteria with bipolar sheathed flagella. By 16S rRNA analysis, the organism was determined to be H. canis. This is the first observation of H. canis in active hepatitis in a dog and correlates with recent findings of Helicobacter hepaticus- and Helicobacter bilis-related hepatic disease in mice. Further studies are clearly warranted to ascertain whether H. canis-associated hepatitis is more widespread in canines as well as a cause of previously classified idiopathic liver disease in humans.
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PMID:Helicobacter canis isolated from a dog liver with multifocal necrotizing hepatitis. 888 May 4

A disease similar to ulcerative colitis in humans has been identified in cotton-top tamarins (CTTs) in captivity. The clinical signs include weight loss, diarrhea, and rectal bleeding with the pathological features and biochemical abnormalities of ulcerative colitis. Approximately 25 to 40% of these animals develop colon cancer after 2 to 5 years of captivity. An infectious etiology has been proposed; however, no microbial agent to date has been identified. Helicobacter spp. have been associated with enterocolitis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in humans and animals. Infection with Helicobacter pylori or Helicobacter mustelae is associated with an increased risk of gastric adenocarcinoma and lymphoma of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. Helicobacter hepaticus causes hepatitis, hepatic adenomas, and hepatocellular carcinomas in susceptible strains of mice. The aim of this study was to assess a colony of CTTs with a high incidence of IBD and colon cancer for the presence of colonic Helicobacter spp. A fusiform, gram-negative bacterium with bipolar flagella and periplasmic fibers was isolated from the feces of CTTs. The bacterium grew under microaerobic conditions at 37 and 42 degrees C but not at 25 degrees C, did not hydrolyze urea, was positive for catalase and oxidase, did not reduce nitrate to nitrite, did not hydrolyze indoxyl acetate or alkaline phosphatase, and was resistant to nalidixic acid, cephalothin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the organism was classified as a novel Helicobacter species. This is the first Helicobacter isolated from CTTs. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role of this novel Helicobacter sp. in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis and colonic adenocarcinoma in CTTs.
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PMID:Novel intestinal Helicobacter species isolated from cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) with chronic colitis. 985 80

Aminoguanidine is an inhibitor of the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). In the present study, the effect of aminoguanidine on concanavalin A-induced hepatitis was examined. Treatment of mice with concanavalin A (10 mg/kg, i.v.) induced interferon-gamma and iNOS mRNA expression in the liver before the elevation of plasma alanine aminotransferase activity. Immunohistochemical study showed the induction of iNOS protein expression in the area of necrosis. Aminoguanidine (1, 3 and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) inhibited the concanavalin A-induced elevation of alanine aminotransferase activity. Aminoguanidine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) did not inhibit concanavalin A-induced interleukin-2, interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha or iNOS mRNA expression in the liver. The plasma nitrite/nitrate level was elevated at 6 and 24 h after concanavalin A treatment. The elevation of nitrite/nitrate was inhibited by aminoguanidine (10 mg/kg, i.p.). From these results, we conclude that nitric oxide formed by iNOS may be involved in the development of concanavalin A-induced hepatitis.
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PMID:Aminoguanidine prevents concanavalin A-induced hepatitis in mice. 1082 65

Hepatotoxicity was investigated, using plasma collected before and during treatment, in 16 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-hepatitis C virus (HCV)-coinfected patients who responded to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), during a retrospective longitudinal study. Eleven patients experienced hepatotoxicity (i.e., a >3-fold increase in alanine aminotransferase level) while receiving HAART, including 4 patients with clinical hepatitis. Control subjects were 5 patients without hepatotoxicity. Markers of HCV-specific immune responses (HCV core-specific immunoglobulin G [IgG] antibody), T cell activation (soluble [s] CD26 dipeptidyl peptidase IV [DPP IV] enzyme activity), and inflammation (nitrate/nitrite and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor I [sTNFRI] levels) were correlated with liver damage and immune reconstitution. All patients with hepatotoxicity had increased HCV core-specific IgG antibody and sCD26 (DPP IV) activity but did not have increased nitrate/nitrite or sTNFRI levels. Hepatotoxicity without clinical hepatitis was associated with increased CD8 T cell counts. Thus, hepatotoxicity in HIV-HCV-coinfected patients who respond to HAART is associated with increased HCV-specific immune responses and T cell activation.
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PMID:Association of increased hepatitis C virus (HCV)-specific IgG and soluble CD26 dipeptidyl peptidase IV enzyme activity with hepatotoxicity after highly active antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-HCV-coinfected patients. 1240 69

The Fas-Fas ligand system is important for apoptosis of activated immune cells. Perturbation of this system occurs in diseases with dysregulated inflammation. Increased soluble Fas (sFas) occurs in systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and can block apoptosis. Increased shedding of FasL (sFasL) occurs in viral infection and hepatitis. Although dysregulated inflammation is associated with sepsis-induced multiple organ failure (MOF) in children, a role for Fas has not been established. We hypothesize that 1) sFas will be increased in children with severe and persistent sepsis-induced MOF and will correlate with inflammatory markers suggesting a role for sFas in inflammatory dysregulation in severe sepsis, and 2) sFasL will be increased when viral sepsis or sepsis-induced liver failure-associated MOF is present in children. Plasma sFas, sFasL, IL-6, IL-10, nitrite + nitrates, and organ failure scores were measured on d 1 and d 3 in 92 children with severe sepsis and 12 critically ill control children. sFas levels were increased in severe sepsis, continued to increase in persistent MOF and nonsurvivors, and were correlated with serum inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-10, nitrite + nitrate levels). In contrast, sFasL was not increased in severe sepsis and did not correlate with inflammation. sFasL was, however, increased in liver failure-associated MOF and in nonsurvivors, and was associated with viral infection. At autopsy, hepatocyte destruction and lymphocyte infiltration were associated with increased sFas and sFasL levels. sFas may interfere with activated immune cell death and contribute to dysregulation of inflammation, worsening outcome from severe sepsis. sFasL may contribute to hepatic injury and the development of liver failure-associated MOF.
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PMID:sFas and sFas ligand and pediatric sepsis-induced multiple organ failure syndrome. 1243 71

OBJECTIVE: To study signal transduction pathways in cultured rat hepatocytes in the high nitric oxide (NO) environment of hepatitis. METHODS: NO levels were assessed by measurement of its stable oxidative products nitrite (NO2(-)) and nitrate (NO3(-)) using the Griess method with or without thiols (GSH or L-Cys). Rat hepatocytes were incubated with Sodium Nitroprusside (SNP) to produce a high NO environment and the intracellular cGMP and s-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) in the culture media were measured using radioimmunoassay or with the MTT assay absorbed at 334nm respectively. RESULTS: After incubation of 1.543 mmol/L SNP for 30 minutes 0.63+/-0.06 mmol/L and at 25 minutes 0.98+/-0.11 mmol/L of NO was released in containing 25 mmol/L GSH and L-Cys condition. The levels of both cGMP and GSNO were significantly increased (compared with control P<0.05) in a dose related manner. CONCLUSION: Signal transduction of cultured rat hepatocytes in a high NO environment could be a cGMP-dependent as well as a non-cGMP-dependent pathway.
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PMID:[Signal transduction pathways induced by nitric oxide in rat hepatocytes] 1260 57

Toxoplasma gondii is a Apicomplexa obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that infects up to a third of the world's population. In most humans infected with T. gondii, the disease toxoplasmosis is asymptomatic. However, T. gondii causes blindness, severe neurological disorders, hepatitis, and pneumonia in immunocompromised patients, and severe damage to the fetus. Here, we postulate that the colonization of the retina, heart, and skeletal muscle by T. gondii may reflect the role of neuroglobin (Ngb) and myoglobin (Mb) to protect the parasite from the toxoplasmacidal effects of nitric oxide (NO). This is based on the knowledge that Ngb and Mb catalyzes NO oxidation yielding the harmless nitrate. The postulated protective role of Ngb and Mb on the viability of T. gondii is reminiscent of that postulated for hemoglobin (Hb) and Mb in protecting intraerythrocytic Plasmodia and T. cruzi in cardiomyocytes, respectively, from the parasiticidal effect of NO. Therefore, undesirable pathogen protection by pseudo-enzymatic NO scavenging may represent a new unexpected function of members of the Hb superfamily.
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PMID:Do neuroglobin and myoglobin protect Toxoplasma gondii from nitrosative stress? 1622 9


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