Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To determine trends in a variety of dialysis-associated diseases and practices, the Centers for Disease Control surveyed 1,867 chronic hemodialysis centers in the United States in 1989 in conjunction with the annual facility survey performed by the Health Care Financing Administration. The response rate to a mailed questionnaire was 92%. These 1,726 centers represented 122,734 patients and 32,486 staff members. The following results were found. 1) During the last 14 years, the incidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection decreased from 3.0 to 0.1% among patients, and from 2.6 to 0.1% among staff members. Over the same time, the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positivity declined from 7.8 to 1.4% among patients and from 0.9 to 0.3% among staff members. Hepatitis B vaccine was given by 92% of the centers. By the end of 1989, 19% of susceptible patients and 55% of susceptible staff members had received all three doses of hepatitis B vaccine. From 1982 to 1989, as a result of receiving vaccine, the prevalence of antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs) increased from 12 to 19% among patients and from 18 to 54% among staff. The incidence of non-A, non-B hepatitis in 1989 was reported to be 0.7% among patients and 0.1% among staff members. 2) Twenty-two percent of the centers reported pyrogenic reactions in the absence of septicemia among their patients, and 51% reported septicemia. 3) The reported incidence of dialysis dementia among hemodialysis patients was 0.2%, with a case fatality rate of 23%. 4) In 1989, 68% of centers reported that they reused disposable dialyzers; these centers treated 73% of the dialysis patient population. Among centers that reused disposable dialyzers, the average number of reuses ranged from 1 to 50 (mean, 12) and the maximum number of times a disposable dialyzer was ever reused ranged from 3 to 150 (mean, 28). Chemical germicides used for reprocessing dialyzers included formaldehyde, Renalin (a peracetic acid-hydrogen peroxide-based germicide), and glutaraldehyde-based germicides. Reuse of disposable dialyzers was not associated with any increased risk of acquiring HBV infection among either patients or staff. However, pyrogenic reactions occurring in clusters were reported more frequently in centers that reused conventional dialyzer membranes compared with centers that did not. This increased risk was associated only with centers that used Renalin or glutaraldehyde for reprocessing (not formaldehyde) and occurred with both automated and manual reprocessing systems.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:National surveillance of dialysis-associated diseases in the United States, 1989. 183 Feb 8

To determine trends in a variety of dialysis-associated diseases and practices, the Centers for Disease Control surveyed 1,734 chronic hemodialysis centers in the United States in 1988 in conjunction with the annual facility survey performed by the Health Care Financing Administration. The response rate to a mailed questionnaire was 91%. These 1,586 centers represented 107,804 patients and 28,501 staff members. Over the last 13 years, the incidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection decreased from 3.0 to 0.2% among patients and from 2.6 to 0.1% among staff members. Over the same time, the prevalence of HBsAg-positivity declined from 7.8 to 1.5% among patients and from 0.9 to 0.3% among staff members. Hepatitis B vaccine was given by 90% of the centers. By the end of 1988, 17% of susceptible patients and 53% of susceptible staff members had received all three doses of hepatitis B vaccine. From 1982 to 1988, as a result of receiving vaccine, the prevalence of antibody to HBsAg increased from 12 to 20% among patients and from 18 to 54% among staff. The incidence of non-A, non-B hepatitis in 1988 was reported to be 1.0% among patients and 0.1% among staff members. Fifteen percent of the centers reported pyrogenic reactions in the absence of septicemia among their patients and 45% reported septicemia. The reported incidence of dialysis dementia among hemodialysis patients was 0.2%, with a case fatality rate of 25%. In 1988, 67% of centers reported that they reused disposable dialyzers; these centers treated 72% of the dialysis patient population. Among centers that reused disposable dialyzers, the average number of reuses ranged from 2 to 50 (mean, 11) and the maximum number of times a disposable dialyzer was reused ranged from 3 to 131 (mean, 28). Chemical germicides used for reprocessing dialyzers included formaldehyde; Renalin, a peracetic acid-hydrogen peroxide-based germicide; and glutaraldehyde-based germicides. Reuse of disposable dialyzers was not associated with any increased risk of acquiring HBV infection among either patients or staff. However, pyrogenic reactions occurring in clusters were more frequently reported in centers that reused conventional dialyzer membranes compared with centers that did not. This increased risk was only associated with centers that reused these dialyzers in a manual reprocessing system, a result consistent with those obtained in 1986 and 1987. Eighteen percent of centers reported treating at least some of their patients by high flux dialysis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:National surveillance of dialysis-associated diseases in the United States, 1988. 214 Feb 68

In this study, the author intended to examine the validity of the inhaled hydrogen gas clearance method (i-H2) for determination of the hepatic blood flow (HBF), and also to show some applicabilities of the method in experimental animals and patients with liver diseases. Simultaneous determinations of HBF by i-H2 and electromagnetic flowmetry in rabbits revealed an excellent correlation between the values obtained by the two methods. Moreover, HBF in rabbits measured by i-H2 varied in parallel with that by thermocouple flowmetry or laser Doppler velocimetry after administration of norepinephrine, propranolol or glucagon. In carbon tetrachloride-treated rats, HBF measured by i-H2 correlated better with the severity of damage in the sinusoidal structure than the severity of hepatic cell injury or the serum levels of transaminases. HBF as determined by i-H2 was significantly decreased in acute hepatitis (AH), chronic inactive hepatitis (CIH), chronic active hepatitis (CAH), liver cirrhosis (LC) and fatty liver. Reduced HBF in AH returned to normal during recovery of the disease. The ratio of HBF in tumor/normal tissue was greater than 1.0 for hepatocellular carcinoma in contrast to the ratio of less than 1.0 for metastatic liver carcinoma. Propranolol caused a decrease in HBF by 31%, and vasopressin by 39% in patients with CIH or LC. In contrast, glucagon induced its increase by 65%, 35% and 17%, respectively, in patients with CIH, AH and LC.
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PMID:[Measurement of hepatic blood flow by the hydrogen gas clearance method. Experimental and clinical observations]. 236 96

A 148-nucleotide subfragment of hepatitis delta virus RNA was shown to undergo cleavage and ligation reversibly. The direction of the reaction is determined by the presence or absence of Mg2+ ions, with the presence of Mg2+ favoring the cleavage reaction. Ligation requires specific conformation of the RNA molecules involved and occurs only between two cleaved RNA fragments that are still held together by hydrogen bonds. The ligation reaction occurs rapidly on removal of Mg2+ by EDTA. This represents a new class of RNA enzymes.
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PMID:Reversible cleavage and ligation of hepatitis delta virus RNA. 249 77

Furazolidone produces a dilative cardiomyopathy and hepatitis in turkeys exposed to this drug in their diets. The ability of furazolidone to enhance free radical reactions when incubated with turkey cardiac or hepatic membranes was determined to evaluate if free radical reactions might contribute to the pathology. Furazolidone (0.135 mM) incubated with NADPH and hepatic microsomes increased oxygen consumption 350% over control incubations. Superoxide dismutase and catalase attenuated the furazolidone-mediated stimulation of oxygen consumption, indicating that the drug promoted the formation of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Lipid peroxidation was also stimulated by furazolidone incubated with microsomes, NADPH, and ferric chloride. At concentrations as low as 0.017 mM, lipid peroxidation was more than doubled by furazolidone. Incubation of cardiac sarcosomes with NADPH and furazolidone (0.135 mM) increased oxygen consumption 72% the rate of cytochrome c reduction 72%, and epinephrine oxidation 238% over control. Epinephrine oxidation was enhanced by concentrations of furazolidone as low as 0.017 mM (69% increase over control). This effect of furazolidone was blocked by superoxide dismutase or incubation in an argon atmosphere. These data establish the potential for furazolidone to enhance free radical reactions in cardiac, as well as hepatic tissue. Free radical reactions are therefore potential determinants of furazolidone-mediated hepatic and cardiac toxicities.
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PMID:Furazolidone-enhanced production of free radicals by avian cardiac and hepatic microsomal membranes. 253 46

Mouse hepatitis virus A59 codes for seven mRNAs in infected cells. These mRNAs are transcribed from a minus (-) strand template of genome length and contain a leader RNA at their 5' ends. To further elucidate the mechanism of coronavirus transcription, we examined the structure of mouse hepatitis virus replicative intermediates (RIs) isolated by 2 M NaCl precipitation and Sepharose 2-B column chromatography. Purified RIs migrated as a single species on agarose gels and sedimented between 12 and 38S on 10 to 25% sucrose gradients. The complexes were readily heat denatured into a heterogeneous population of smaller RNA molecules which probably represent nascent plus (+) strands. RNase A digestion of RIs produced a single replicative form which sedimented between 30 and 32S. These data suggest that the RI is composed of a single genome-sized (-) strand hydrogen bonded to an average of 4 to 6.5 nascent (+) strands. In contrast, a column-purified replicative form was extremely resistant to RNase A digestion and heat denaturation and migrated as a single RNA species on agarose gels and sucrose gradients. Oligonucleotide fingerprinting of an RI revealed the presence of the 5' leader RNA on the nascent (+) strands. In addition, an average of 6.2 cap structures were present in each RI, which agrees with the average number of nascent (+) strands per RI. These data suggest that the leader RNA is utilized as a primer for mouse hepatitis virus RNA transcription and is not added to mRNA post-transcriptionally.
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PMID:Characterization of replicative intermediate RNA of mouse hepatitis virus: presence of leader RNA sequences on nascent chains. 631 63

A highly sensitive and accurate spectrophotometric method was developed for determination of guanase activity with guanine as substrate. The assay is based on the oxidative coupling of 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone and N,N-diethylaniline. Xanthine formed from guanine by guanase is oxidized to uric acid and hydrogen peroxide by xanthine oxidase, and the hydrogen peroxide produced is determined by an oxidative-coupling reaction with 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone and N,N-diethylaniline mediated by peroxidase. Formation of the indamine dye is greatly affected by the superoxide radical ion (O2-) and pH value. These problems can be overcome by separating the two reactions of hydrogen peroxide formation and color production and carrying out that color-producing reaction at pH 3.0. This method is very sensitive and accurate because the indamine dye has a very high molar extinction coefficient of 29,800. It can be used with various kinds of automatic analyzers such as a Hitachi, Olympus, or Technicon analyzer. Comparative studies showed that this method is more sensitive and reproducible than other methods. Furthermore, guanase activities determined by this method correlated well with those determined by the improved Ellis-Goldberg method. This method should be useful for measurement of guanase activity in banked blood for preventing transfusion hepatitis and could be valuable as a liver function test.
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PMID:A sensitive spectrophotometric assay for guanase activity. 686 16

Sinomenine, an epimorphinan alkaloid, was tested for protecting hepatitis induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice. Sinomenine protected against the hepatic injuries in the dose range of 10-100 mg/kg in a dose-dependent manner and suppressed the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), which appeared in serum earlier than aminotransferases in GalN/LPS-treated mice. Sinomenine significantly suppressed the in vitro production of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide in the macrophage cultures stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate acetate. It is discussed that sinomenine prevents GalN/LPS-treated hepatic failure by suppressing TNF production and/or reactive oxygen generation.
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PMID:Protection by sinomenine against endotoxin-induced fulminant hepatitis in galactosamine-sensitized mice. 809 93

A mutant strain of LEC rats (Long-Evans rats with a cinnamon-like coat color) develop spontaneous hepatic injury associated with severe jaundice about 4 months after birth. Recently, we obtained evidence which shows an unusual accumulation of copper (Cu) in the liver of LEC rats, followed by the finding of copper-metallothionein (Cu-MT) induction. To know the mechanism for the development of hepatitis in LEC rats, in relation to induced Cu-MT, we examined whether the generation of active oxygen species is observed. When the Cu-MT was treated with H2O2, which is formed by dismutation of superoxide anion radicals or NADPH oxidases in living systems, strong ESR signals due to Cu(II) state appeared when measured at 77K. On the same system, ESR signals due to the spin trapped hydroxyl radicals were observed at room temperature when DMPO (5,5-dimethyl-pyrroline-1-oxide) was used as a spin-trapping agent. The present results suggested that Cu-MT of LEC rat has an important pathogenic role by generating hydroxyl radicals, when hydrogen peroxide is produced in cells or tissues.
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PMID:Unusual generation of hydroxyl radicals in hepatic copper-metallothionein of LEC (Long-Evans cinnamon) rats in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. 812 29

Transmission of infectious agents from a patient to the following one in the medical office may result from infected collyria, from contact to the cornea by infected instruments or simply by the hands of the medical staff if some rules of hygiene are not respected. The prevention comprises the instillation without contact of the collyria, the adequate disinfection of instruments and the frequent hand washing. The disinfection of the tonometers and contact glasses aims particularly the elimination of viruses. If the virus of herpes, hepatitis and acquired immunodeficiency are eliminated by hypochlorite, oxygenated water and alcohol after 10 minutes, the adenovirus which is not coated is on the other hand resistant to alcohol and may survive several days on instruments. Ideally the disinfection would have to be performed between each utilization by soaking in bleach water at 500 ppm, or in chloramine 0.5%, or in hydrogen peroxide 3% (during 10 minutes). The alcohol may damage the glue of diagnostic contact lens. The hypochlorite attacks the metal. In case of possible contact with the blood of the patient, the wear of gloves is counseled (for example for fluorescein angiography) and is of course mandatory for surgical procedures in the office like excision of chalazion or keratotomy. Disposable needles will be thrown in solid wall containers reserved to this aim without being recapped.
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PMID:[Prevention of infections in the ophthalmology office]. 902 12


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