Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Subtoxic doses of endotoxin (salmonella abortus equi lipopolysaccharide, LPS) (5 micrograms/kg i.p.) or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) (15 micrograms/kg i.v.) induced fulminant hepatitis within 8 hr, when mice had been sensitized by a subtoxic dose of D-galactosamine (700 mg/kg i.p.). LPS-treatment led to the release of TNF into the circulation, independently of the presence of D-galactosamine. The TNF-dependent development of hepatitis was accompanied by a severe lymphopenia and neutrophilia as assessed by leukocyte differential count. The total leukocyte count was not significantly affected. Lymphopenia and neutrophilia were induced by LPS or TNF alpha alone; however, the differential count was not influenced by D-galactosamine. A quantity of 260 micrograms/kg phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) i.p. or 5 micrograms/kg platelet activating factor (PAF) i.v. or 3.3 mg/kg N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine methylester (FMLP) i.v. or 167 mg/kg zymosan i.v. also caused lymphopenia and neutrophilia in mice. However, none of these agents induced the production of systemic TNF and therefore failed to induce hepatitis in D-galactosamine-sensitized mice. In LPS-insensitive C3H/HeJ mice administration of LPS produced neither differential count changes nor hepatitis while both events were observed when TNF alpha was given. This shows that TNF alpha alone gives rise to lymphopenia/neutrophilia as well as hepatitis independent of LPS. When the action of TNF alpha was blocked by anti TNF alpha antiserum pretreatment of LPS-sensitive mice, the animals were protected against LPS-induced hepatitis. However, lymphopenia and neutrophilia still occurred to a similar extent. The involvement of a putative additional mediator of LPS-induced leukocyte alterations was checked. The findings suggest that this mediator, if present, is different from IL-1, IL-2, eicosanoids or superoxide. We conclude from our findings that changes in leukocyte numbers and composition following D-galactosamine LPS or D-galactosamine/TNF alpha administration is an epiphenomenon rather than a causal event of leukocyte stimulation in the process of inducing a fulminant hepatitis in mice.
 ...
PMID:Leukocyte alterations do not account for hepatitis induced by endotoxin or TNF alpha in galactosamine-sensitized mice. 240 85

At the Center for Experimental Plants and Animals, Hokkaido University, two inbred strains, Long Evans Cinnamon (LEC) and Long Evans Agouti (LEA), which were selected for coat colour, were isolated from a closed colony of Long Evans rats. While the two inbred strains were maintained by sibmating, only LEC rats, over 24-generation, spontaneously developed acute hepatitis with sudden appearance of systemic jaundice at around four months after birth. The frequency of acute hepatitis was 80 to 90% and the disease in nearly 80% of these rats were progressive and they died within two weeks after onset, with their clinical course and histopathological findings similar to those of human fulminant hepatitis. LEC rats with spontaneous hepatitis had strong-conversion of urine-bilirubin, ultimate increase of blood-bilirubin and abnormal increase of serum-transaminases (GOT, GPT; GOT greater than GPT). Histopathological findings of the livers in the rats with acute hepatitis showed spotty necrosis and abnormal hepatocytes containing giant bizarre nuclei and in the rats with fulminant-type hepatitis showed central or coagulated necrosis and marked infiltration of inflammatory cells. Serum levels of albumin in LEC rats before being affected by hepatitis were low compared with those of LEA rats and especially characteristic fact was that cellulose-acetate electrophoresis could not reveal gamma-globulin fraction in LEC rats of 6-week and 12-week old, which will be a clue to analyze the etiology of hepatitis in LEC rats.
 ...
PMID:[Establishment of an inbred strain of LEC (Long Evans Cinnamon) rats with spontaneous hepatitis]. 247 50

Groups of mice were given 0 mg, 4 mg, or 2 mg of methylprednisolone acetate (MPA) 7 days prior to, the day of, and 7 days after subcutaneous inoculation with 0 or 2 x 10(5) tachyzoites of Neospora caninum. Clinical signs of disease were seen only in mice given both MPA and N. caninum tachyzoites. Mice given 4 mg MPA and N. caninum tachyzoites developed severe disseminated neosporosis and most died or were killed when comatose 11-13 days postinoculation (PI). Acute pneumonia, polymyositis, encephalitis, hepatitis, and pancreatitis were the main lesions in these mice. Mice given 2 mg MPA and N. caninum developed mild pneumonia and many mice began showing neurological signs 14 days PI. Neurological signs consisted mainly of pronounced head-tilting and associated impairment of movement. Grossly visible 1-2-mm single or multiple, white areas of discoloration were seen in the brains of many of these mice. Encephalitis, ganglioradiculoneuritis, pneumonia, and polymyositis were the main changes seen in these mice. Tissue cysts of N. caninum were only seen in mice given 2 mg MPA and were first seen 21 days PI. Tissue cysts were 16-34 by 13-29 microns and had a 1.5-3.0-microns-thick cyst wall. Tissue cysts were seen only in the brain. Mice given 4 mg MPA and tachyzoites and host cells that had been frozen for 1 wk did not develop clinical signs of infection, indicating that freezing kills tachyzoites and that viruses or other agents were not involved in the genesis of disease seen in mice given MPA and viable tachyzoites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Neospora caninum (Protozoa: apicomplexa) infections in mice. 279 80

A phase II study with cyproterone acetate (CPA) was done as the primary treatment in female breast cancer patients. Twenty-three patients, mean age 64 years, range 52-75 years, were entered and treated with CPA 400 mg daily. Twenty patients were evaluable and responses were sparse. There was one partial and one complete remission, 17 patients were stable and one patient progressed within 3 months. Side-effects were frequent: five patients complained of nausea, three had severe weight loss, one suffered from depression and seven showed disturbed liver function tests. Six patients had to stop treatment for side-effects, while two other patients were taken off treatment because they developed an acute necrotizing hepatitis. The hepatitis recovered after drug withdrawal in both patients. The serum levels of CPA, cortisol, androstenedione, DHAS, LH, FSH and prolactin were measured during CPA treatment. The levels of cortisol and androstenedione did not change, while LH, FSH and DHAS were suppressed. The DHAS showed an inverse relation to serum CPA concentrations. The prolactin levels rose uniformly. The therapeutic effect of CPA in postmenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer is disappointing, and inferior to that of other progestins. Side-effects are frequent, possibly as a result of the high dosage used in this study. The hormonal changes are different from those of other progestins, which may explain the different efficacies.
 ...
PMID:Clinical and endocrine effects of cyproterone acetate in postmenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer. 296 61

Viral particles of a neurotropic murine hepatitis virus (JHM) and various substances known to have immunoregulatory effects, including bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and synthetic adjuvant peptide (muramyl dipeptide) (AP), were tested for their ability to induce Ia antigen expression on Lewis rat astrocytes in vitro. JHM virus, LPS and AP are all capable of inducing Ia molecules on astrocytes, however, in a pattern and kinetics distinct from recombinant rat gamma interferon (gamma-IFN). Whereas gamma-IFN induced Ia expression on astrocytes and all macrophages after 48 h treatment, JHM virus, LPS and AP required 4-7 days for maximal induction of Ia on astrocytes, but had little to no effect on the macrophage population. This indicates that astrocytes are uniquely reactive to components derived from infectious agents and that these components are immunoregulatory with respect to Ia expression on astrocytes. We have also attempted to determine possible mechanisms by which these agents induce astrocyte Ia and show that phorbol myristate acetate and Ca2+ ionophore A23187 have similar effects. These findings suggest that infectious agents may directly stimulate antigen presenting functions of astrocytes in the brain through gamma-IFN-independent mechanisms.
 ...
PMID:Analysis of Ia induction on Lewis rat astrocytes in vitro by virus particles and bacterial adjuvants. 302 54

The single dose kinetics of (Z)-(3-methyl-4-oxo-5-piperidino-thiazolidin-2-ylidene)acetate (etozolin) and its active metabolite ozolinone were determined in 6 healthy volunteers, in 12 patients with acute hepatitis and in 15 patients with hepatic cirrhosis with ascites. In hepatitis, the elimination half-life of etozolin was 4 times longer resulting in a 2 fold rise in the AUC. At the same time, plasma levels of ozolinone were lower and consequently the AUC of his metabolite was reduced. In cirrhosis, the plasma level time curves of etozolin and ozolinone differed significantly from the controls and also from those of the patients with acute hepatitis. For etozolin Cmax was reduced to about 1/2, the elimination half-life being increased by a factor of 5. This resulted in a 3 fold higher AUC. As for ozolinone the reduction of plasma levels was more pronounced--Cmax fell to 1/6 of the control value--so that in spite of a longer elimination half-life, the AUC fell to 1/2. Ascites concentrations of etozolin and ozolinone were almost identical to the plasma concentration. The results suggest that acute hepatitis and hepatic cirrhosis lead to a reduced formation of ozolinone. As a result, etozolin accumulates and plasma levels of oxolinone drop. Moreover, both substances enter the ascites to a significant degree. It is concluded that these changes in the kinetics of this lipophilic diuretic do not allow a reliable dosage regimen in patients with hepatic cirrhosis and ascites.
 ...
PMID:Altered kinetics of etozolin and its active metabolite ozolinone in hepatitis and hepatic cirrhosis with ascites. 344 68

A case of acute lead poisoning due to intravenous injection of lead acetate is reported. The patient developed clinical and biochemical symptoms characteristic for acute hepatic porphyrias. Elevated urinary 5-aminolaevulinic acid and low porphobilinogen correlated to a lead-induced inhibition of 5-amino-laevulinic acid dehydrase with diagnostically indicative reactivation rates by zinc and dithiothreitol. Urinary coproporphyrin excretion was also increased. Additional findings included anaemia and toxic hepatitis. Under the influence of elimination therapy with D-penicillamine pathologic parameters normalized. Except for transient neuralgic pains the patient did not experience any neurologic dysfunctions, thus contrasting the findings in chronic lead intoxication.
 ...
PMID:Acute lead intoxication due to intravenous injection. 400 94

The chemical affinity of chlormadinone acetate with Superlutinem (used in Antigest and Antigest-B) and with Chlorsuperlutinem (a component of Biogest) in connection with the generation of cancer by hormanal contraceptives is discussed. Undesirable effects were found to be more prevalent with progestagen components than with estrogens. Cases of jaundice, hepatitis, hypertension, and thrombophlebitis with the use of oral contraceptives were found to be more frequent in cases of use of 1 year or more. The connection of the failure of hormonal contraceptives with certain sedatives is discussed.
 ...
PMID:[Undesirable effects of steroid hormones in contraception (author's transl)]. 476 38

Hepatitis-associated antigen can be detected within 2 hours by using an electrophoretic technique and cellulose acetate membranes saturated with antibody. The speed of the technique now allows testing of blood intended for transfusion on the day of collection, and the sensitivity of the method compares favorably with standard immunodiffusion.
 ...
PMID:Rapid screening test for detecting hepatitis-associated antigen. 498 97

58 postpartum patients between the ages of 20-35 were selected from a series of 208 oral contraceptive users for liver function studies. They had been treated with 1 of 3 anovulatory combined oral contraceptives for a period of 1 year. The preparations used were: 1) .05 mcg of ethinyl estradiol + 1 mcg of ethinyl-nortestosterone acetate (25 patients), 2) .075 mcg of ethinyl estradiol + 1 mcg of ethinyl-nortestosterone acetate (16 patients), and 3) .50 mcg of ethinyl estradiol + .50 mcg of norgestrel (17 patients). Studies were done trimestrally and included direct bilirubing, total bilirubin, turbidity of timol, SGOT, SGFT, alkaline phosphatase, and sulfobromophthalien retention. Menstruation was induced on the 28th day postpartum by administering 20 mcg of nortestosterone acetate and .04 mcg of ethinyl estradiol (Duogynon). The assigned contraceptives was taken on a normal basis thereafter. No changes in liver function that could be attributed to the pills were observed. Pathological modifications were, however, observed in the tests for turbidity (in 52.5%, 31.3%, and 25%, respectively), SGOY (0%, 0%, and 12.5%, respectively), and sulfobromophthalien retention (0%, 13.3%, and 11.76%); in some instances the changes persisted throughout the study. Alterations in turbidity, SGOT and SGFT that occurred in 1 patient with a history of hepatitis were an indication to the authors that hepatitis should be a contraindication for use of orals. Graphs of test results are included.
 ...
PMID:[Liver function and iatrogenic anovulation]. 540 52


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>