Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The aim of the present study was to determine, in a population of 70 HIV-1 infected patients with antibodies to HCV, the percentages of individuals with an active replication of HIV-1, HCV or both. During a one year follow-up of these patients at different stages of disease, blood samples were regularly collected for determination of transaminase, beta 2 microglobulin and CD4+ lymphocytes. Total RNAs were extracted from the sera, retrotranscribed with MoMuLV reverse transcriptase and nested PCR assays were carried out separately with sets of primers homologous to the 5' non-translated region of HCV and in HIV-1 gag. The amplified products were subjected to electrophoresis and observed under u.v. illumination after staining with ethidium bromide. For some samples, the identity of the amplified products was confirmed by Southern blotting by hybridization with enzyme-labelled probes. A total of 57% of the patients were found to produce HIV-1 RNA and 62% HCV RNA, while 34% produced both. HIV-1 RNA production was correlated with beta 2 microglobulin and CD4+ levels; active replication of HCV was correlated with hepatitis but not with CD4+ levels nor with HIV-1 RNA synthesis.
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PMID:HIV-1 and HCV co-infected patients: detection of active viral expression using a nested polymerase chain reaction. 790 23

Virtually full protection against hepatitis E and partial or complete protection against infection with hepatitis E virus (HEV) were achieved in passively or actively immunized cynomolgus monkeys. Hepatitis, viremia, and shedding of the virus in feces were detected in all nonimmunized animals that were challenged with HEV. HEV titers detected by reverse transcriptase PCR were higher in feces than in serum of nonimmunized animals. Anti-HEV antibody titers at the time of challenge ranged between 1:40 and 1:200 in animals passively immunized with convalescent plasma from a cynomolgus monkey previously infected with HEV and between 1:100 and 1:10,000 in animals actively immunized with a recombinant 55-kDa open reading frame 2 protein. The estimated 50% protective titer of passively acquired anti-HEV antibodies was 1:40. Although only one of four passively immunized animals showed histopathologic evidence of hepatitis, all four were infected after challenge; however, the titers of HEV in serum and feces were lower in the passively immunized animals than in the nonimmunized group. The actively immunized animals developed neither hepatitis nor viremia when challenged with HEV and virus was either not detected or was present in low titer in feces. The protective response was a function of the ELISA anti-HEV antibody titer at the time of challenge and the immunization schedule.
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PMID:Successful passive and active immunization of cynomolgus monkeys against hepatitis E. 793 61

We present here thirteen patients (5 men and 8 women, aged 31 to 73, mean 55 years) with spastic paraparesis who showed clinical features similar to those of HTLV-1 associated myelopathy without HTLV-1 antibody, but with positive antibody to hepatitis B virus (HBV). All of these patients showed slowly progressive difficulty in walking. Five patients had previous histories of blood transfusion, of these one with history of B hepatitis. Neurologically, muscle weakness, spasticity and exaggerated deep tendon reflexes in the lower extremities were common to all the patients. Seven patients showed Babinski's reflex. Disturbance of micturition was noted in 3 patients. None showed organic changes of the spine on magnetic resonance image (MRI). None was serologically positive for syphilis and had cryoglobulin and hypergammaglobulinemia. Elevated levels of the liver enzymes were noted in two patients. All patients were positive for hepatitis B surface antibody (HBs-Ab) (EIA) but negative for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs-Ag) (EIA). Five patients were seropositive for hepatitis C virus (HCV) (PHA). In 3 of them, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was performed but failed to detect HCV-RNA. All patients underwent spinal tap, and showed normal cell count and protein concentration in their cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Atypical cells were not observed in all the patients. The CSFs from three patients were tested for HBs-Ag and HBs-Ab. HBs-Ag was negative in all three patients, but HBs-Ab was positive in two patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Hepatitis B virus antibody positive spastic paraparesis]. 795 26

The infectivity titer of a standard stock of the SAR-55 strain of hepatitis E virus (HEV) was determined in cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) and the effect of dose on the course of the infection was examined by weekly monitoring of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and anti-HEV levels. Antibody to HEV (anti-HEV) was measured with ELISAs based on ORF-2 recombinant antigens consisting of either a 55 kDa region expressed in insect cells or shorter regions expressed as fusion proteins in bacteria. The ELISA based on the 55 kDa antigen was generally more sensitive. The infectivity titer of SAR-55 was 10(6) cynomolgus 50% infectious doses per gram of feces. The infectivity titer corresponded to the HEV genome titer of the inoculum as determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Anti-HEV IgM was detected in only a portion of the animals that had an anti-HEV IgG response. Biochemical evidence of hepatitis was most prominent in animals that were inoculated with the higher concentrations of virus and the incubation period to seroconversion was prolonged in animals that received the lower doses.
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PMID:Infectivity titration of a prototype strain of hepatitis E virus in cynomolgus monkeys. 808 60

Many studies have suggested that examination of a patient's serum for viral RNA by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is the most sensitive and specific serological means of determining chronic HCV infection. Moreover, technique to quantify HCV RNA in serum using PCR technology has been developed, and diagnosis of HCV genotype by PCR with mixed primers has been used for diagnosis of type C hepatitis. Herein, we discuss the laboratory technique and significance of various PCR methods. HCV RNA can be detected by amplification technique of RT-PCR. Primers in the 5'-noncoding region are frequently used to detect HCV RNA, because the RNA sequence in this region is the most conserved. We usually perform 30 cycles of amplification with outer primers and another 30 cycles with inner primers (nested RT-PCR). Using this technique, HCV RNA was detected in 96% of anti-HCV-positive chronic hepatitis patients. This PCR technique gives us important information for the diagnosis of type C chronic hepatitis indicating HCV infection. The competitive PCR technique is usually used to quantify HCV RNA. This method is based on complification of the target RNA with known amounts of synthetic mutant RNA. The mutant RNA should be amplified by the same primers for amplifying target RNA, and should be distinguished from target RNA by the size of the amplified DNA product by making a deletion or restriction site artificially. Quantifying HCV RNA before interferon therapy is useful to predict the effectiveness of the therapy; patients with a large amount of HCV RNA tend to have a poor outcome.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Diagnosis of type C chronic hepatitis using PCR technology]. 815 56

Eight different strains of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) were analyzed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to see whether two sets of oligonucleotides, which were synthesized based on the published nucleotide sequence of MHV-JHM mRNAs 6 and 7, could be used as universal primers for amplification. Total RNA extracted from virus-infected cells or virus-infected culture fluids was transcribed into cDNA by using reverse transcriptase and oligo(dT) as primer, then the cDNA transcripts were amplified by PCR. The MHV-specific fragments of 199-bp and 241-bp were obtained from all eight strains irrespective of nucleotide differences in the primer regions. The same fragments were also amplified from RNA derived from the liver and brain of MHV-JHM-infected mice as soon as day 1 after intraperitoneal injection, even from the liver from which the virus was not detected. Results of PCR amplification from the liver RNA extracts became positive when more than 10(-2)PFU of MHV-JHM was contained in the PCR reaction mixture. In contrast, anti-MHV antibody was not detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay until day 6 after inoculation. These results suggest that PCR is a very sensitive method to identify a variety of MHV infections in laboratory animals, especially at the early phase of infection.
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PMID:Detection of mouse hepatitis virus by the polymerase chain reaction and its application to the rapid diagnosis of infection. 823 Oct 83

We have investigated in detail the higher order structure of the genomic hepatitis delta virus (HDV) ribozyme using various base-specific chemical probes under native, semi-denaturing, and denaturing conditions. The bases of the HDV ribozyme were probed by treatment with dimethyl sulfate [which reacts with A (at N1) and C (at N3)] and a carbodiimide [which reacts with U (at N3) and G (at N1)]. In addition, for probing G residues (at N7), RNA samples were treated with NaBH4 and aniline after modification by treatment with dimethyl sulfate. The sites of modified positions were identified by primer extension analysis with reverse transcriptase. In general, our results are consistent with the proposed pseudoknot model of secondary structure, a model that is based on data from ribonucleolytic cleavage experiments. Our results provide clues to the identification of interacting bases in the HDV ribozyme. Furthermore, using this method we identified local conformational changes in several stem variants.
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PMID:Chemical probing studies of variants of the genomic hepatitis delta virus ribozyme by primer extension analysis. 828 89

Epidemics of enterically-transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis were described in 1983-1984 involving French soldiers in Chad and in 1979-1980 in residents of Algeria. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) was subsequently implicated by serology. In this study, the presence of HEV in patient stool specimens from both outbreaks and from sporadic cases in residents of Chad (1994) was documented. This virus was detected in fecal suspensions by antibody capture of the virus and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction amplification of the viral RNA in the 3' end of open reading frame 2. Two of five epidemic cases from Chad (1983-1984) were positive, as well as one of five sporadic cases from Chad (1994), and two of three epidemic cases from Algeria (1979-1980). Of these 13 patients, 12 had detectable anti-HEV IgG in their serum. These results confirmed that HEV was the cause of hepatitis in at least five of these 13 patients.
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PMID:Short report: polymerase chain reaction detection of hepatitis E virus in north African fecal samples. 861 35

A further series of 41 adult patients with late-onset hepatic failure was investigates with respect to aetiological factors, particularly hepatitis C and E, which have been identified since our earlier report of this condition. The increased use of transplantation and its impact on survival overall is assessed. Comparison is made with 64 patients admitted over the same period with fulminant hepatic failure of non-A, non-B aetiology. Screening for the hepatitis viruses revealed three cases of hepatitis A and one case of Epstein Barr virus hepatitis. There were no cases of hepatitis C or hepatitis E virus detected by enzyme immunoassay and reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction techniques, although three patients had positivity for IgG anti-hepatitis E virus, demonstrating previous exposure. Serum autoantibodies in a titre greater than or equal to 1:40 were present in 29% of samples tested and in three cases, titres of SMA or ANF were greater than 1:320. In a further five cases, a potentially hepatotoxic agent had been given within 3 months of the onset of symptoms, leaving the majority of patients (29) with no identifiable cause for their disease. The frequency of symptoms, however, including nausea, abdominal discomfort with the subsequent development of ascites, encephalopathy and renal impairment suggest a similar disease process in these patients. Analysis of liver biopsy material showed similar patterns on all cases of map-like necrosis with nodular regeneration and without other additional features of aetiological significance. Differences in clinical and histological changes for the non-A, non-B fulminant hepatic failure comparison group reflect the tempo of disease process rather than the nature and cause of the liver damage. The introduction of transplantation has led to a marked improvement in survival (39% overall in the earlier series). In the 21 patients in whom transplantation was carried out, the 1-year actuarial survival is currently 55%. Treatment of late-onset hepatic failure with corticosteroids and the use of Prostaglandin E1 and interferon in individual cases has been disappointing, and the emphasis in management should be placed on teh early referral of such patients to a centre offering transplantation.
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PMID:Late-onset hepatic failure: clinical features, serology and outcome following transplantation. 865 52

We examined the measles H gene using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in peripheral mononuclear cells obtained from 4 pediatric and 2 adult patients with autoimmune hepatitis and 12 healthy children who had been infected with measles or vaccinated with an attenuated measles vaccine in the past. All patients were positive for the presence of the gene. Only one healthy control, who had been vaccinated two weeks before the study, was positive, while the other 11 controls were negative for the presence of the gene. The restriction enzyme patterns of the products in the pediatric patients were different from those observed in adults. The sequences of amplified products from pediatric patients coincided with the vaccine strain, whereas those from adults were different from the vaccine strain. The sequence of those from one of two adult patients was similar to those of the isolates in 1990 and later. Our results demonstrated that children with autoimmune hepatitis can have persistence of the vaccine strain in vivo for many years after vaccination.
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PMID:Polymerase chain reaction detection of the hemagglutinin gene from an attenuated measles vaccine strain in the peripheral mononuclear cells of children with autoimmune hepatitis. 867 33


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