Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A serologic study of 230 female and 43 male-to-female transsexual Greek prostitutes from the Greater Athens area failed to confirm an association between hepatitis infection and active syphilis. Study participants were recruited at presentation to the Ministry of Health venereal diseases clinic for periodic medical examination. Rapid plasma reagin and treponemal tests indicated 4.3% of female prostitutes and 20.9% of transsexuals had active syphilis infection. The rates of hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus were 50.4% and 3.9%, respectively, among female prostitutes and 65.1% and 4.7%, respectively, among transsexuals. Stratified analysis failed to detect any significant association between syphilis, hepatitis B surface antigen carriership, and exposure to hepatitis B or C infection within the two groups of sex workers. In addition, there was no significant association between syphilis, age of the sex worker, and years of legalized prostitution. It appears that, in these two populations, a syphilis diagnosis leads to intensive self-protective prevention measures against other sexually transmitted infections.
Int J STD AIDS 1997 Nov
PMID:Infection by hepatitis B and C virus in female and transsexual Greek prostitutes with serological evidence of active syphilis. 936 44

This is a study conducted to establish the seroprevalence rate of sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections among district jail inmates in Northern India. The subjects (240 males and 9 female inmates), aged 15-50 years, were asked to answer a questionnaire comprising their background characteristics, alleged criminal background, period of confinement in jail, sexual activity, and sexual partners. Any history of blood transfusion, injury, injecting drug use and drug addiction were also noted together with the level of AIDS awareness . Out of the 240 men, 115 were married and 125 were unmarried. Serum samples were obtained from these inmates and were tested for antibodies against HIV (1+2), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Treponema pallidum, and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). The results indicated that 76.6% gave a history of penetrative sex with their wives or other females including casual sex partners and commercial sex workers (CSWs). 71.2% had had sex only with women, while 28.8% were homosexual or bisexual. Out of 131, 60 (45.8%) had been faithful to their partners, while 124 had experienced multiple sexual partners and 80.6% had had unprotected sex. Of the 100 who had had unprotected sex, 83 did so with CSWs. 126 inmates (52.75%) were addicted to alcohol, 44 (18.33%) to smack/charas, and 8 (3.33%) used intravenous drugs. On examination, 11.6% had active hepatitis, 10.4% with active pulmonary tuberculosis, 4.6% had syphilitic ulcers on the penis, and four-fifths of the teenagers had moderate to severe scabies. 1.3% of the subjects were HIV-1 positive, while 11.1% men and 22.2% women were positive for HBsAg. These results indicate a high prevalence of sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections in the studied area.
Int J STD AIDS 1999 Jul
PMID:High prevalence of sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections amongst the inmates of a district jail in Northern India. 1045 85

Chronic hepatitis B infection is frequently diagnosed within the genitourinary clinic setting with sexual transmission the commonest route of acquisition in the United Kingdom. Only 3--5% of adults who contract acute hepatitis B will progress to chronic infection, and these individuals can be identified by the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in the bloodstream 6 months after infection. Individuals at highest risk of long-term complications such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, carry HBeAg and have high levels of circulating hepatitis B virus (HBV) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Therapy should be targeted towards this group of patients. Two forms of therapy are now licensed for use in chronic hepatitis B infection: interferon-alpha and lamivudine. Seroconversion occurs in 30--40% of patients treated with interferon and treatment is often limited by toxicity. Lamivudine is well tolerated with seroconversion rates of 15--20% at one year, rising with increasing duration of therapy. Long-term monotherapy is limited however by the development of resistance mutations and combination nucleoside therapy is likely to become the treatment of choice in the future. Patients with chronic hepatitis B should be counselled regarding transmission, partner vaccination and alcohol intake and co-infection with other hepatitis viruses should be excluded.
Int J STD AIDS 2001 Jun
PMID:The management of chronic hepatitis B infection. 1180 40

The aim of the present study was to formally evaluate the effectiveness, professional appropriateness and acceptability of the extended role of the nurse practitioner at the Kirketon Road Centre (KRC) in Sydney, Australia. Data collection consisted of client and staff surveys and case file review by two assessors (one medical and one nursing). This paper will report on one section of this research, namely the case file review section of the study. Total study subjects were 1046 'at risk' youth, sex workers and injecting drug users attending KRC for their primary health care needs between September 1994 and April 1995. Nurse practitioners (NP) saw 613 of the clients who presented over this period. The majority of these clients were women (77.3%). The majority of NP consults were related to STD (51%), gynaecological (17%) and hepatitis (16%) issues. The results demonstrated that nurse practitioners were professionally appropriate in all aspects of expected 'best practice' in over 95% of consultations.
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PMID:Nurse practitioners: an evaluation of the extended role of nurses at the Kirketon Road Centre in Sydney, Australia. 1187 3

It is generally understood that hepatitis B and hepatitis C may be sexually transmitted. During the last decade there was a sharp growth of hepatitis B and C in Russia. In comparison to 1992 the incidence of hepatitis B in Russia rose two-fold and in 1999 there were 43.31 cases per 100,000 of population (in some cities up to 150/100,000 and even more). The incidence of hepatitis C in 1999 (19.31 per 100,000 of population) rose to six times more than in 1994. At the same time there was a dramatic growth in syphilis and other sexually transmitted infections in Russia. The proportion of sexual transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) compared with other routes of transmission increased. According to the data from Moscow City Centre of Epidemiology during the last two years, up to 40% cases of HCV and HBV were sexually transmitted. The most dramatic growth of registered cases of hepatitis was seen among the sexually active population aged 14-29. Confirmation of the sexual route of transmission of HBV and HCV in teenagers was seen when the results of the study showed various markers of HBV and HCV to be significantly more common among sexually active (n = 45) than sexually inactive (n = 341) teenagers (13.33% vs. 4.39% for HBsAg; 46.67% vs. 12.61% for HBsAg+anti-HBs+anti-HBc; 9.47% vs. 3.95% for anti-HCV, respectively).
Int J STD AIDS 2002 Dec
PMID:Significance of sexual route of transmission of hepatitis B and C in Russia. 1253 18

The mean risk of acquiring HIV after an occupational exposure, injecting drug use or sexual exposure varies from < 0.1 to 3%. A high plasma HIV-RNA of the source increases the risk of each of the exposures. Other factors, such as the volume of the inoculum involved to which the individual was exposed, other sexually transmitted diseases and ruptures of mucous membranes are associated with a higher risk of HIV transmission. Based on the calculated risk, post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) should be recommended. In the Netherlands, prescription of PEP in the occupational setting is a standard procedure and has proved to be feasible. This was associated with a high percentage (62%) of mild and reversible toxicity and a small percentage (2%) of serious adverse events related to antiretroviral drugs, i.e. nephrolithiasis (due to indinavir) and toxic hepatitis (due to nevirapine). In The Netherlands so far no HIV-seroconversions have been recorded after an occupational accident.
Int J STD AIDS 2002 Dec
PMID:Post-exposure prophylaxis. 1253 23

Our aim was to ascertain current guidelines and clinical practices prevalent in HIV treatment centres in the North Thames Region of England on the care of patients co-infected with HIV and hepatitis B or C. A self-completed postal survey of clinic guidelines and retrospective case-note reviews was performed. Fifteen of the 27 units completed the survey and generally had clinic guidelines consistent with current national guidelines. Stated policy was usually to screen HIV patients for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) and to offer specific therapy for the hepatitis as well as the HIV. Many units were unable to contribute cases to the case-note review, probably through lack of case-identification, and therefore 11 units contributed 27 case-note reviews on HIV/HBV and five units contributed 11 case-note reviews on HIV/HCV. Fifty-six percent (25/45) of patients of HBV patients were HBeAg+ve and 88% (22/25) of these had received specific hepatitis B therapy although for 59% (13/22) this was with lamivudine as part of a highly active antiretroviral therapy regimen. None of the HIV/HCV patients had received or been referred for HCV-specific therapy. Testing for hepatitis A immunity in HBV or HCV patients with a view to vaccination was done in only 50% although 96% of HIV/HCV patients had been screened for HBV. There are significant differences between the clinics' intended and actual management of HIV and chronic viral hepatitis co-infection.
Int J STD AIDS 2003 Jul
PMID:Management of HIV and hepatitis B or C co-infection in 15 HIV treatment centres. Disparity between protocols and practice. 1286 27

How to handle Western blot (WB) seroindeterminate individuals for Human T-lymphotropic Virus 1/2 (HTLV-1/2) constitutes a challenge for blood banks and families. We made a cross-sectional study of 191 enzyme linked immunoassay (EIA) reactive individuals from the hematological center (HEMOCE) of Fortaleza (Brazil), examining their serological (WB) and molecular (PCR) diagnosis, and demographic profiles, as well as a possible association of their condition with other infectious pathologies and risk factors. Ethical institutional approval and personal consent were obtained. Out of 191 EIA reactive individuals, 118 were WB seroindeterminate and 73 were seropositive for HTLV-1/2. In the PCR analysis of 41 WB seroindeterminate individuals, 9 (22%) were positive and 32 (78%) were negative for HTLV-1/2. The demographic analysis indicated a trend towards a predominance of males among the seroindeterminate individuals and females in the seropositive ones. The seroindeterminate individuals were younger than the seropositive ones. We did not find any association of these conditions with syphilis, Chagas disease or HIV or hepatitis, and with risk factors such as breast-feeding, blood transfusion, STD (syphilis) and IDU.
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PMID:Western blot seroindeterminate individuals for human T-lymphotropic virus I/II (HTLV-I/II) in Fortaleza (Brazil): a serological and molecular diagnostic and epidemiological approach. 1449 43

The endogenous cannabinoid anandamide, a lipid mediator, induces various physiologic events such as vascular relaxation, inhibition of gap-junctions formation, tumor proliferation, neurologic analgesia, and apoptosis. Although increased concentration of anandamide in plasma has been implicated in pathophysiologic states including endotoxin-induced hypotension, the effects of anandamide on hepatocytes still remain unclear. In this study, we present evidence that plasma anandamide concentration is highly increased in severe hepatitis and cirrhosis patients. In addition, concentrations of anandamide within the pathophysiologic range potently induced apoptosis of hepatoma cell line (Hep G2) and primary hepatocytes, suggesting a possible link between increased anandamide level and hepatocyte damage. Anandamide-induced cell death was preceded by G0/G1 cell-cycle arrest, activation of proapoptotic signaling (i.e., p38 MAPK and JNK), and inhibition of antiapoptotic signaling (i.e., PKB/Akt) pathways. Moreover, anandamide increased susceptibility to oxidative stress-induced hepatocyte damage. In this context, methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MCD), a membrane cholesterol depletor, or mevastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, or N-acetyl cysteine, an antioxidant, potently inhibited the anandamide-induced proapoptotic events and cell death, whereas putative cannabinoid receptor antagonists did not exhibit an inhibitory effect on anandamide-induced cell death. Furthermore, binding assay using polymyxin beads revealed that anandamide could interact with cholesterol. In conclusion, our data suggest that cholesterol present in the cell membrane determines the fate of hepatocytes exposed to anandamide, possibly functioning as an anandamide receptor.
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PMID:Membrane cholesterol but not putative receptors mediates anandamide-induced hepatocyte apoptosis. 1457 55

Lactic acidosis (LA), a rare but life-threatening adverse effect associated with antiretroviral therapy, has been reported with an increasing frequency since the mid-1990s. From June 1994 to June 2002, a total of six patients, four males and two females with a median age of 43 years (range, 30 to 74 years), had been diagnosed with LA. The estimated incidence of LA was 5.1 per 1000 patient-years (PYs) on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 4.5-5.5 per 1000 PYs) and 4.4 per 1000 PY on nucleoside analogues (NAs) (95% CI, 3.9-4.7 per 1000 PYs). Their median body mass index at diagnosis of LA was 17.6 kg/m(2) (range 16.3 to 22.6 kg/m(2)). The median CD4+ lymphocyte count at the initial diagnosis of HIV infection and at the onset of LA was 38 cells/ micro L (range, 4 to 103 cells/ micro L) and 108 cells/ micro L (range, 79 to 224 cells/ micro L), respectively. The most common symptoms were nausea, vomiting, and dyspnoea. All of the patients had findings suggestive of NA-related mitochondrial toxicity, such as myositis, pancreatitis, fatty hepatitis, peripheral neuropathy or lipodystrophy. The prescribed NA related to LA were stavudine in six patients, lamivudine, five, and didanosine, one. Despite treatment, all patients died of persistent circulatory collapse following LA. The median duration from diagnosis to death was eight days (range, 4-17 days). Our report highlights that clinicians caring for patients with AIDS should be alerted to the potentially fatal LA associated with antiretroviral therapy when patients present with low body mass index, lipodystrophy, unexplained abdominal symptoms, dyspnoea, or elevated aminotransferases.
Int J STD AIDS 2004 Apr
PMID:Fatal lactic acidosis associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection in Taiwan. 1507 19


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