Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We report a 52 years old male admitted for fever lasting one month, dry cough, headache and malaise. Initial laboratory work up showed an AST of 172 U/l, and ALT of 252 U/l, a GGT of 353 U/l and alkaline phosphatases of 952 U/l. An abdominal CAT scan disclosed a mild hepatosplenomegaly. A liver biopsy showed a granulomatous hepatitis. During the evolution, the patient had a left testicle swelling with darkening of the surrounding skin. A testicular ultrasound showed a bilateral orchiepidydimitis. The patient was treated with non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and fever subsided. Three months later, these drugs were discontinued and the patient remained asymptomatic and with normal laboratory values until 36 months of follow up.
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PMID:[Idiopathic granulomatous hepatitis with bilateral orchiepididymitis and skin eruption]. 1258 10

In Latin America few studies have explored frequency and risk factors predicting hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in blood donors. In this study we determined the prevalence of HCV infection in blood donors from West Mexico. Potential risk factors, clinical, histological and virologic characteristics presented in this group were also evaluated. METHODS: HCV antibodies were evaluated in 57108 blood donors with commercial second-generation enzyme immunoassays. Positive results were confirmed by a recombinant immunoblot assay. Repeatedly seropositive donors were further studied for risk factors, history for hepatitis, hepatic enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase (AST and ALT)), liver histology and hepatitis C virus-ribonucleic acid (HCV-RNA) detection. RESULTS: A total of 499 blood donors were initially tested positive doubtful for antibodies to HCV Ab (0.8%). While there was no difference in HCV prevalence with respect to age or gender, the most frequent risk factors identified were transfusion (42%), household exposure (14.8%), multiple sex partner (6.8%) and intranasal cocaine use (2.3%). Also, we found that from a subgroup of donors tested for histological analysis, 19% presented abnormal ALT levels and 90% showed abnormal liver histology. No correlation was found between abnormal ALT levels and the presence of HCV-RNA in serum. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate a low prevalence (0.8%) of HCV infection among Western Mexican blood donors, which was comparable to those established for Western countries, but in contrast in our study the most frequent risk factor continues being transfusion followed by household exposure.
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PMID:Hepatitis C virus: prevalence and routes of infection among blood donors of West Mexico. 1264 47

The immunocytograms of 166 patients with opiomania, primarily of the heroin variation, aged 15 to 19, were examined. 18 healthy teenagers of the same age were in the control group. The sampling comprised both patients without any signs of infectious diseases (86 persons) and patients with viral hepatitis B and C. The deviations of the immune-cellular status comprised, in drug addicts, a deficit of T-helpers and NK-cells as well as an increased quantity of "zero" lymphocytes. An essential reduction in the level of T-suppressors (killers) was additional found in the group of drug-addicts with viral hepatices. The signs of cytolysis of hepatocytes were detected in young heroin addicts. The contents of lipid peroxides was significantly higher in the blood plasma of teenagers abusing the opium drugs; while the concentration of antioxidant factor was as follows: Vitamin E, sulfhydric proteins and urate were found to be decreased. A reliable correlation was found between the changes of the quantity of T-helpers, T-suppresses (killers) and 0-lymphocytes, on the one hand, and the activity of hepatic transaminases, on the other hand, (for AST = 0.65-0.70; p < 0.01). The disorders in the immune-cellular status persist for as long as three to four weeks after the refusal from drug consumption; it is noteworthy, that their severity can essentially go up. The activity of 5'-nucleotidase, involved in the transformation of receptor signals in T- and B-lymphocytes, was histochemically studied in immunocytes. The activity of the enzyme essentially went down in both populations of lymphocytes by the 7th day of abstinence; it remained at the mentioned level up to the 14th day (in patients with hepatitis) or up to 21st day (in patients without hepatitis). Therefore, the quantitative deficit of immunocytes in drug addicts was accompanied, during the abstinence period, by an inhibition of their functional activity.
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PMID:[Disorders in the immune status and hepatic pathologies in young heroin addicts]. 1270 48

Daily, light ethanol consumption enhances hepatic regeneration following 70% partial hepatectomy in rats. Whether such consumption has a beneficial effect on the outcome following toxin-induced acute hepatitis has yet to be determined. One hundred ten adult male Spragne-Dawlay rats (200-250 g) were randomized to receive daily gavages with ethanol 1.0 g/kg (light ethanol group), 3.0 g/kg (moderate-heavy ethanol group), or an equal volume of tap water (controls). On day 30, a single injection of D-galactosamine hydrochloride (1.0 g/kg) (D-gal), a potent hepatotoxin that induces liver failure within 24-48 hr, was administered intraperitoneally. Gavages were discontinued and rats killed (N = 4-6/group) on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 after D-gal. Serum AST, bilirubin, and liver histology served to document the extent of liver injury and [3H] thymidine incorporation into hepatic DNA: hepatic regenerative activity. Compared to controls, peak serum AST levels were significantly decreased in the light (-40%, P < 0.05) and increased in the moderate-heavy (+32%, P < 0.05) ethanol groups. Serum bilirubin levels approximately doubled in the light ethanol group while increasing sixfold in the moderate-heavy and control groups (P < 0.05). Histologic evidence of hepatic injury (graded 0-IV) was limited in the light ethanol group, intermediate in controls, and most extensive in the moderate-heavy ethanol group (P < 0.05). Despite less hepatic injury, hepatic regeneration was similar in the light ethanol group compared to controls and significantly impaired in the moderate-heavy ethanol group (P < 0.01). In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that daily, light ethanol administration attenuates hepatic injury, improves hepatic function, and enhances hepatic regeneration following toxin-induced hepatitis in rats.
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PMID:Effects of daily, light and moderate-heavy ethanol exposure on extent of hepatic injury and recovery following toxin-induced acute hepatitis in rats. 1277 92

The case of a 61-year-old woman who developed a picture of viral Hepatitis A with an uncomplicated clinical course is reported herein. However, nine months after the diagnosis, the aminotransferases still remained discretely elevated (AST 78 UI/L, ALT 95 UI/L). At that moment, the patient started to present transient arthralgias and markers were requested for autoimmune hepatitis, which turned out positive, besides presenting hypergammaglobulinemia. A liver biopsy was performed showing changes consistent with mild autoimmune hepatitis. It was considered that the case did not warrant treatment with corticosteroids or immunosuppresants and continued to observe the patient, who is asymptomatic until the publishing of this report. To our knowledge, this is the first report in our country of autoimmune hepatitis triggered by a viral Hepatitis A. The case is reported and the literature is being reviewed.
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PMID:[Viral hepatitis A as a triggering agent of autoimmune hepatitis report of a case and review of literature]. 1285 90

Suicide gene expression in specific tissue of transgenic animals has been used for cell-specific ablation. To examine the influence of hepatocyte removal, we produced the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSVtk) transgenic rat, whose gene was regulated by an albumin enhancer promoter. The liver presence of HSVtk was demonstrated in one line of the transgenic rats. We injected ganciclovir (GCV, 50mg/kg) into the rat on alternate days. After 28 days of GCV administration, liver tissues, and blood of the rats were collected. The histological investigation revealed infiltration of T cells, macrophages, granulocytes/neutrophils, and hepatocyte cell death. The biochemistry analysis demonstrated elevated levels of AST, ALT, and total bilirubin in transgenic rat. In conclusion, the transgenic rat with expressed albumin-specific HSVtk developed experimental hepatitis with administration of GCV, and will be a useful model to facilitate the evaluation of drug effects for clinical control of liver disease.
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PMID:Inducible liver injury in the transgenic rat by expressing liver-specific suicide gene. 1462 69

Inflammation of the liver may be caused by a variety of factors that include infectious agents and toxins. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by the NADPH oxidase in Kupffer cells and infiltrating leukocytes play an important role in the pathogenesis of early alcohol-induced hepatitis. Histamine dihydrochloride (histamine) suppresses the generation of ROS through the histamine type-2 receptor (H2 receptor). Histamine was studied as a potential protective treatment against early alcohol-induced liver injury in an experimental hepatitis model. Female Wistar rats were given ethanol (5 g/kg) intragastrically by gavage once daily for 4 weeks, while a control group not receiving ethanol was fed an isocaloric high-fat diet. Animals receiving ethanol had elevated serum levels of alanine and aspartate transaminase (ALT/AST) and developed steatosis, inflammation, and necrosis of the liver. Histamine treatment (0.5 or 5.0 mg/kg, twice daily) protected against this liver injury as evident by normal serum transaminase levels and significantly reduced liver pathology scores. Ranitidine (10 mg/kg), an H2 receptor antagonist, blocked the protective effect of histamine, indicating that the histamine effect is predominantly mediated through the H2 receptor. In conclusion, these results suggest that histamine protects against early alcohol-induced liver injury in rats.
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PMID:Histamine dihydrochloride protects against early alcohol-induced liver injury in a rat model. 1463 89

A parasitological survey of stool and urine of 2577 from 3281 individuals living in Abis villages, Alexandria was undertaken in 1998 in order to investigate the prevalence of schistosomiasis in this area and risk factors for hepatic morbidity. A random sample of 1082 individuals was interviewed using a questionnaire regarding risk factors for liver morbidity. All interviewed adults (total: 728) were clinically examined for evidence of organomegally (hepatomegally and/or splenomegally). Individuals with clinically detected organomegally were referred for detailed investigations (total: 65). The criteria for severe hepatic morbidity were AST/ALT ratio higher than 1, prothrombin activity < 70%, and evidence of portal hypertension. The results revealed that prevalence of S. mansoni accounted for 20.5%, with low intensity of infection and increased with age to reach a maximum of 40-46.3% at 15-30 years of age. Intensity of infection followed the same pattern. All tested urine samples were negative for S. haemato-bium. The prevalence of clinically detected organomegally was 10.3% among adults (75/728). Significant risk factors for developing organomegally were age > or = 35 years (2.2 folds), farming occupation (1.7 fold), history of parenteral anti-schisto-somal treatment (PAT) with or without tablets (2.03 folds), and heavy water canal exposure (2.85 folds). Detailed morbidity study on 65 individuals with clinically detected organomegally showed that 52.3% reported heavy score for water canal exposure, 33.8% were positive for HCV antibodies, and 7.7% for HBV antibodies. Procollagen level was higher than 5.5 microg/l in 26.2% of this group. The results of Doppler ultrasonography showed that 33.3% recorded a portal vein diameter > or = 13 mm, 26.2% periportal fibrosis more than grade 2 (> 5 mm), 19% hepatofugal direction of portal blood flow, 30.2% collaterals, 28.6% splenomegaly, and 17.5% hepatofugal direction of splenic blood flow. The burden of severe hepatic morbidity was alarming among this group: 33.8% with portal hypertension, 24.6% with prothrombin activity < 70, and 13.8% with AST/ALT ratio > 1. There was a 4.44 and 3.7 fold increased risk for portal hypertension with elevated levels of PIIIP and positive serologic tests for HCV and/or HBV infections, respectively. Similarly, a 4.58 and 18.35 fold increased risk for AST/ALT more than one was attributed to these two factors, respectively. Elevated procollagen level was significantly associated with viral infection (HCV and/or HbsAG). Seropositivity for HCV antibodies was found strikingly high in adults above 35 years (positive HCV antibodies in 45.9% of individuals). This indicates a high level of endemicity in the study area which is also endemic for S. mansoni. So, a heavy burden of severe liver disease exist in rural Alexandria is attributed to combined infection of S. mansoni and hepatitis viruses. This emphasizes the need for intervenetion strategies targeting these two main liver offenders.
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PMID:Morbidity of schistosomiasis mansoni in rural Alexandria, Egypt. 1470 47

Although it seems to be rather unlikely, it still remains unclear whether hepatitis G virus (HGV) is involved in post-transfusion hepatitis. Prevalence of HGV viremia and persistence in blood donors was determined. ALT and AST values of viremic and non-viremic donations of the donors were compared. 25,006 blood donations were tested for the presence of HGV RNA by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. ALT and AST were determined for every donation. Sequential serum samples of 105 HGV RNA-positive donors were tested for both HGV RNA and antibodies to the HGV-E2 antigen (anti-E2) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Stored serum samples of 66 patients from before and after transfusion of HGV RNA-positive units were also tested. 1.6% of the 25,006 blood donations were HGV RNA-positive. One of 105 HGV RNA-positive blood donors showed viremia for more than 6 years. Three donors showed viremia and HGV antibody at the same time. There is no significant difference in ALT and AST activity in HGV RNA-positive donors compared to a control group of healthy donors and also before and after seroconversion to HGV RNA-negative (p > 0.05). Transmission of HGV by blood components has been shown in transfused patients. The prevalence of HGV infection in patients (n = 66) is 17%. Transmission of HGV by blood components does occur. Patients have a significantly higher prevalence of HGV viremia compared to blood donors. In blood donors no liver affection by means of ALT or AST elevation can be seen. Long persistence of HGV viremia is common and the presence of anti-E2 does not exclude viremia.
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PMID:Prevalence, persistence and liver enzyme levels of HGV RNA-positive blood donors determined by large-scale screening and transmission by blood components. 1500 Feb 18

Fractionation with supercritical CO(2) is employed to divide ethanolic extract (E) of B. kaoi into four fractions (R, F1, F2 and F3). To assess the selectivity of the fractionation, extracts of the four fractions were characterized in terms of the hepatoprotective capacity and activity of antioxidant enzymes to against CCl(4)-induced damage. The in vitro study revealed that pretreatment with B. kaoi extract or its fractions, except F3, significantly protected primary hepatocytes against damage by CCl(4) (P<0.05). The R and F1 fractions had the highest saikosaponins content (175 and 200 mg/g dry weight, respectively) and most effectively protected the liver from damage by CCl(4). This study demonstrated that the oral pretreatment of B. kaoi (100 and 500 mg/kg), except F3, three days before a single dose of CCl(4) (CCl(4)/olive oil=1:1, 3 ml/kg, sc) was administered significantly lowered the serum levels of hepatic enzyme markers (AST and ALT) (P<0.05). A pathological examination showed that lesions, including ballooning degeneration, necrosis, hepatitis and portal triaditis were partially healed by treatment with B. kaoi extract and fractions. Oxidative stress induced by CCl(4) led to lipid peroxidation (MDA) and changes in the levels of the antioxidant enzymes in the liver. However, all the fractions, except F3, markedly suppressed lipid peroxidation and reversed the activities of the antioxidant enzymes to the normal levels.
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PMID:Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of Bupleurum kaoi Liu (Chao et Chuang) extract and its fractions fractionated using supercritical CO(2) on CCl(4)-induced liver damage. 1501 85


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