Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Substitutes for whole blood include blood fractions such as plasma, serum albumin and other fluids of various kinds which are not derived from blood but are used as plasma volume expanders; these, include the usual crystaloid intravenous solutions. Since in comparison to blood far more of these later solutions are given intravenously, a thorough knowledge of plasma volume expanders is essential. The first use of such expanders in human patients was by Hogan in 1915. He used colloidal gelatin and noted an improvement in blood pressure in shock. In 1945, Gronwall and Ingelman advocated the use of dextran in shock. The reguirements for an acceptable plasma substitute are: a satisfactory colloidal osmotic pressure, constand composition at reasonable cost, a viscosity suitable for intravenous administration, stability in prolonged storage at variable temperatures, and sterilization by autoclaving. Such substances must be either fully excreted or metabolized, and must cause no early or late tissue damage. They must be non-antigenic and pyrogen free. They must cause no change in the blood such as haemolysis, R.B.C. agglutination, increased sedimentation rate and no impairment of haemostasis. The presently available plasma expanders include blood derivatives (plasma, albumin), modified protein (gelatin, oxypolygelatin), polymerized carbohydrates (dextran) and plastics (polyvinyl pyrrolidone-PVP). All these substances expand plasma volume, decrease haematocrit and plasma proteins, increase sedimentation rate and blood pressure. Dextran, PVP and geletin do not alter hepatic function. Dextran and gelatin have no deleterious effects on renal function. Features of the clinically used plasma expanders are: 1. Fresh Frozen Plasma Fresh frozen plasma contains all clotting factors except platelets. The risk of the transmission of hepatitis is present as it is with whole blood. 2. Plasma Protein Fractions Plasma protein fractions are free of hepatitis virus, but may cause arteriolar dilatation and hypotension. 3. Serum Albumin Serum albumin is a concentrated blood protein fraction. It is salt poor, stable and does not transmit the virus of hepatitis. Since it has a high oncotic pressure it is necessary to give significant quantities of clear fluids with it. It is expensive, scarce, and dilutes the clotting factors. It is, however, a first choice for emergency treatment of shock; 4. Dextran The dextrans may be of medium or low molecular weight. They are inexpensive and readily available, and do not transmit the virus of hepatitis. In large amounts they cause a coagulation defect and may be antigenic. Continued.
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PMID:Blood substitutes. 110 2

To assess whether the hepatocyte asialoglycoprotein receptors are affected in patients with autoimmune hepatitis, the function of the hepatocyte asialoglycoprotein receptor was investigated in patients with autoimmune hepatitis or chronic hepatitis C. A new radionuclide liver imaging technique, Technetium-99m diethylenetriamine-pentaacetic acid-galactosyl human serum albumin, was applied to evaluate the function of the receptor. A Receptor Index (LHL 15) was calculated by dividing the radioactivity of the liver region-of-interest (ROI) by that of the liver plus heart ROI 15 min after radiolabeled ligand injection. Serum albumin, prothrombin time, hepaplastin test and plasma retention rate of indocyanine green at 15 min were not significantly different between patients in the autoimmune hepatitis group and chronic hepatitis C group. In addition, the Receptor Index of patients with autoimmune hepatitis, in whom the asialoglycoprotein receptor is a candidate target antigen for autoimmune response, was similar to that of patients with chronic hepatitis C. These results indicate that the hepatocyte receptor for asialoglycoproteins is not affected in patients with autoimmune hepatitis.
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PMID:Asialoglycoprotein receptor function of hepatocytes in patients with autoimmune hepatitis. 785 28

Although there have been many studies of the risk factors for recurrence after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the subjects were patients with various viral status in the previous studies, and hepatitis C viremia has not been evaluated. We investigated risk factors, including hepatic C viremia and histologic findings of noncancerous hepatic tissue, for recurrence after resection of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related HCC. A total of 223 patients who underwent liver resection for HCV-related HCC were studied. HCV viremia, laboratory data, degree of HCC malignancy, histologic findings in noncancerous hepatic tissue, preoperative interferon therapy, and operative methods were evaluated for recurrence risk by univariate and multivariate analyses. Serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and total bilirubin, and the proportion of patients with a high histologic activity score (mild to severe active hepatitis) were significantly higher in patients with HCV viremia than in those without viremia. Serum albumin was significantly lower in patients with HCV viremia. By univariate analysis, older age (> 65 years old), HCV viremia, elevated AST (> 40 IU/L) and ALT (> 45 IU/L), large tumors (> 40 mm), multiple HCCs, moderately or poorly differentiated HCC, portal invasion, mild to severe active hepatitis, and lack of preoperative interferon therapy were risk factors for recurrence. Multivariate analysis showed that older age, HCV viremia, high AST, multiple HCCs, and portal invasion were independent risk factors. For HCV-related HCCs, not only the degree of malignancy of the HCC but also HCV viremia and active hepatitis are risk factors for recurrence.
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PMID:Risk factors for recurrence after resection of hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma. 1119 23

An asymptomatic 70-year-old Hispanic woman with type 2 diabetes was found in 2004 to have an AST of 132 U/L, ALT 146 U/L, alkaline phosphatase 1107 U/L, total serum bilirubin 3.5 mg/dL, and albumin 2.9 g/dL. Viral hepatitis testing was negative. Serum IgG, IgA, and IgM were all elevated, antimitochondrial antibody was weakly positive, and antinuclear antibody was negative. Liver biopsy was reported to show "evolving cirrhosis with marked lymphoid hyperplasia." Although the indication was nowhere stated, she was prescribed ursodeoxycholic acid 500 mg b.i.d, on which her biochemical tests initially improved. One year later she developed itching and jaundice. Imaging studies revealed multiple gallstones. An MRCP was suggestive of cirrhosis with a questionable common bile duct stricture, and she underwent ERCP with removal of gallbladder and common bile duct stones and placement of a biliary stent. A periampullary mass, which proved to be a somatostatinoma, was excised in 2006 via an open laparotomy, at which the stent was removed and a second liver biopsy performed. It was reported as showing chronic active hepatitis, activity stage 2, and fibrosis grade 3 with bridging. Her subsequent course was complicated by recurrent bleeding from small bowel arteriovenous malformations. Seen for the first time at Columbia University Medical Center in January 2007, she complained of continuing pruritus. AST was 69 U/L, ALT 43 U/L, alkaline phosphatase 491 U/L, and total bilirubin 3.3 mg/dL. Serum albumin was 2.6 g/dL. Antinuclear antibodies, negative in 2004, were now positive at 1:320, and antimitochondrial M2 antibodies were strongly positive. Serum IgG and IgA, but NOT IgM, were elevated. Review of her outside liver biopsies revealed features of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) in the first, and of both PBC and autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) in the second. The patient exhibits an overlap syndrome, in which both histologic and serologic features of AIH evolved in a setting initially most suggestive of PBC alone. The phenomenon of autoimmune overlap syndromes is discussed.
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PMID:Evolution from primary biliary cirrhosis to primary biliary cirrhosis/autoimmune hepatitis overlap syndrome. 1829 83

<i>Background:</i> Patient immune response is one of the main factors influencing hepatitis virus (HBV) eradication or chronicity. Our study aimed to investigate the relationship between the nutritional status and immune function, and to provide the appropriate clinical diagnosis data for treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (CHB) and cirrhosis. <i>Methods:</i> T lymphocyte subsets were tested using flow cytometry in 100 patients (48 with CHB, 52 with cirrhosis) and 26 healthy individuals. Nutritional parameters were analyzed including body mass index (BMI), blood white blood cell count, albumin, prealbumin, and biochemistry parameters in patient and control groups. <i>Results:</i> Moderate and severe malnutrition (53.84%) were observed in HBV-cirrhosis patients. Serum albumin and prealbumin levels were the lowest in the cirrhosis group. There were significantly lower levels of lymphocyte subsets (CD3+, CD3+CD4+, and CD3+CD8+) in patient groups compared with the control group. There was significantly lower cholesterol, white blood cells, lymphocytes, and platelet levels in the patient group compared with the control group. Interrelation between nutritional and immune parameters showed that serum prealbumin levels were negatively correlated with CD3+, CD3+CD4+, and CD3+CD8+ count in the CHB group, and the immune parameters (CD3+, CD3+CD4+, and CD3+CD8+ count) correlated significantly with BMI in the patients with cirrhosis (r > 0.45). <i>Conclusions:</i> Our data demonstrate that there is a correlation between nutrition deficiency and immune dysfunction in patients with CHB and cirrhosis. It is necessary to assess the nutritional status and immune balance in these patients.
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PMID:Changes in Prealbumin and Body Mass Index Associated with T Lymphocyte Subsets and Nutritional Status in Chronic Hepatitis B and HBV-Cirrhosis Patients. 3054 85