Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Pretreatment with recombinant human granulocyte CSF (G-CSF) protected mice in two different models of septic shock. Intravenous injection of 250 micrograms/kg G-CSF to mice prevented lethality induced by 5 mg/kg LPS. Injection of 50 micrograms/kg G-CSF protected galactosamine-sensitized mice against LPS-induced hepatitis. In either case, this protection was accompanied by a suppression of LPS-induced serum TNF activity. In contrast, when galactosamine-sensitized mice were pretreated with 50 micrograms/kg murine recombinant granulocyte/macrophage CSF instead of G-CSF and subsequently challenged with LPS, serum TNF activity was significantly enhanced and mortality was increased. The suppressive effect of G-CSF on LPS-induced TNF production was also demonstrated in rats. In vivo, no TNF was detectable in the blood of LPS-treated rats, which had been pretreated with G-CSF. Ex vivo, alveolar macrophages, bone marrow macrophages, Kupffer cells, or peritoneal macrophages prepared from G-CSF-treated rats produced significantly less TNF upon stimulation with LPS than corresponding populations from control rats. However, when these macrophage populations were incubated with G-CSF in vitro, LPS-induced TNF production was unaffected. These data suggest that the G-CSF-mediated suppression of TNF production is not a direct effect of G-CSF on macrophages. To examine whether, independent of the protection against LPS, G-CSF treatment still activated neutrophils, it was demonstrated that granulocytes from G-CSF-treated rats were primed for PMA-induced oxidative burst and for ionophore/arachidonic acid-stimulated lipoxygenase product formation. The experiments of this study support the notion that G-CSF is a negative feedback signal for macrophage-derived TNF-alpha production during Gram-negative sepsis.
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PMID:Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor treatment protects rodents against lipopolysaccharide-induced toxicity via suppression of systemic tumor necrosis factor-alpha. 137 68

Inorganic bismuth salts are poorly soluble in water: solubility is influenced by the acidity of the medium and the presence of certain compounds with (hydr)oxy or sulfhydryl groups. The analysis of bismuth in biological material is not standardised and is subject to large variation; it is difficult to compare data from different studies, and older data should be approached with caution. The normal concentration of bismuth in blood is between 1 and 15 micrograms/L, but absorption from oral preparations produces a significant rise. Distribution of bismuth in the organs is largely independent of the compound administered or the route of administration: the concentration in kidney is always highest and the substance is also retained there for a long time. It is bound to a bismuth-metal binding protein in the kidney, the synthesis of which can be induced by the metal itself. Elimination from the body takes place by the urinary and faecal routes, but the exact proportion contributed by each route is still unknown. Elimination from blood displays multicompartment pharmacokinetics, the shortest half-life described in humans being 3.5 minutes, and the longest 17 to 22 years. A number of toxic effects have been attributed to bismuth compounds in humans: nephropathy, encephalopathy, osteoarthropathy, gingivitis, stomatitis and colitis. Whether hepatitis is a side effect, however, is open to dispute. Each of these adverse effects is associated with certain bismuth compounds. Bismuth encephalopathy occurred in France as an epidemic of toxicity and was associated with the intake of inorganic salts including bismuth subnitrate, subcarbonate and subgallate. In the prodromal phase patients developed problems in walking, standing or writing, deterioration of memory, changes in behaviour, insomnia and muscle cramps, together with several psychiatric symptoms. The manifest phase started abruptly and was characterised by changes in awareness, myoclonia, astasia and/or abasia and dysarthria. Patients recovered spontaneously after discontinuation of bismuth. Intestinal lavage, forced diuresis and haemodialysis have been tried without positive effects on the clinical condition of the patient or on blood bismuth concentration, and the use of dimercaprol as an antidote has produced reports of both positive and negative findings. To confirm the diagnosis of bismuth encephalopathy, it is essential to find elevated bismuth concentrations in blood, plasma, serum or CSF. A safety level of 50 micrograms/L and an alarm level of 100 micrograms/L have been suggested in the past, but no proof is available to support the choice of these levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Pharmacokinetics and toxicity of bismuth compounds. 268 29

Guillain-Barre syndrome is known as one of the autoimmune disease, but the etiology, pathophysiology relating immune reaction, as well as the treatment are not established. It still causes physical handicap although its rate is low. The causes, clinical symptoms and outcome of 132 cases of Guillain-Barre syndrome have been analyzed. The patients' ages ranged from 4 months to 15 years. The antecedent events for 56.1% of the patients were known. These were upper respiratory tract infection, unexplained fever, vomiting, diarrhea, vaccination, measles, german measles, shigellosis, mumps, hepatitis, pertussis and surgery in order of frequency. The CSF protein level reached a maximum at 12.3 +/- 9.5 days. Steroids did not influence the outcome of this disease. More studies are necessary to conquer the disease.
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PMID:Guillain-Barre syndrome in Korean children. 274 76

Encephalitis by Herpes Simplex virus type-2 in adults is rare and has been described as part of a disseminated infection in settings of immunosuppression, pregnancy being one of them. The virus was isolated from CSF of a young female, who during puerperium, presented with hepatitis, encephalitis and subsequently developed persistent vegetative state. Case history of another woman at term pregnancy is described who had similar illness but virological proof could not be obtained.
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PMID:Herpes simplex virus type-2 encephalitis in peripartum period preceded by hepatitis. 357 12

Fibrin glue has been used in 22 neurosurgical patients and following five effects which are very much helpful in neurosurgical practice were recognized. Adhesive effect--Dural defect at cranial base was closed with lyophilized dura and fibrin glue. Hemostatic effect--Fibrin glue soaked oxycel was applied for hemostasis of the bleeding from venous sinus, dura, skull edge and cut surface of tumor. Blocking and sealing effects--In cases of craniopharyngioma, cyst wall around the inserted tube was sealed with oxycel and fibrin glue. CSF leakage from open sphenoidal sinus in aneurysmal operation was closed with fibrin glue soaked gelfoam. Covering and wall strengthening effects--Unclippable aneurysms were coated and wrapped with fibrin glue and oxycel. Packing effect--Huge dead space after removal of mucocele was packed with fibrin glue. In trans-sphenoidal operation of pituitary adenoma, fibrin glue soaked muscle pieces and oxycel were packed in the dead space and sphenoidal sinus. Many other possible availabilities in neurosurgical operations were discussed. Fibrin glue is a biological product, so it can be used with more safety and affinity to the local tissue and with less reaction as foreign body than the artificial adhesives. It takes much time for the preparation of this material for the time being. If this can be prepared instantly, usefulness of this glue will be markedly increased. We have had no hepatitis nor inflammatory complications in our limited experience.
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PMID:[The use of fibrin glue in neurosurgical operations]. 387 49

Significant elevation of glutamic acid and glutamine concentrations in CSF was observed in hepatic encephalopathic patients with fulminant hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. However, the ratios of CSF glutamic acid to CSF glutamine levels and of CSF to serum glutamic acid and glutamine levels were significantly higher only in cirrhotic patients with hepatic encephalopathy. CSF glutamine levels were positively correlated with blood ammonia and CSF tyrosine levels in cirrhotic patients. The results indicate that CSF glutamic acid and glutamine levels are important tools in diagnosing hepatic encephalopathy in severe liver disease.
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PMID:Glutamic acid and glutamine levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid in hepatic encephalopathy. 615 Jul 6

We report on the clinical features, management, and outcome of 27 patients with tuberculous disease of the central nervous system admitted to the London Hospital over six years. Seventeen presented with meningitis, and in nine of these there was bacteriological confirmation of tuberculous disease although acid fast bacilli were only found in the CSF of four patients. This appeared to carry a poor prognosis. There was a high incidence of rifampicin-induced hepatitis. The outcome was satisfactory in six out of seven patients in whom no AFBs were cultured. Eleven patients presented with intracranial tuberculomas but without evidence of systemic TB. The CT scan revealed mass lesions, but only in three patients was the appearance pathognomonic of tuberculoma. However, biopsy can be a hazardous procedure and led to the death of two of our patients. Where possible, surgical intervention should be avoided, and the response to medical treatment assessed by CT scan.
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PMID:Tuberculosis of the central nervous system. 670 24

Hepatic encephalopathy in patients with severe liver disease was associated with marked elevation of either serum methionine or blood ammonia levels or with simultaneous moderate increases in both parameters. CSF methionine levels also increased in encephalopathic patients with fulminant hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. Increased influx of methionine into the brain over the theoretical values predicted from Pardridge's equation suggested that accelerated transport of serum methionine across the blood-brain barrier was observed in these cases with hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatic encephalopathy in acute carbon tetrachloride liver injury could be obtained experimentally following intraperitoneal injection of ammonium acetate in rats, which already received intragastric administration of methionine. However, similar encephalopathy could not be observed by the administration of glycine or leucine in place of methionine. These results suggest at least that methionine and ammonia act synergistically on inducing hepatic encephalopathy.
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PMID:Impaired metabolism of methionine in severe liver diseases. II. Clinical and experimental studies on role of impaired methionine metabolism in pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. 710 99

Although infrequent, untreated neonatal herpes results in death in half the cases and neurologic sequelae in three quarters of the survivors. Neonatal infection is usually acquired from maternal genital herpes, which is asymptomatic or unrecognized in 60% to 80% of women. The greatest risk of neonatal infection occurs when the mother has primary genital herpes involving the cervix at delivery, and the infant is premature and delivered with instrumentation (eg, scalp electrodes). More than 80% of neonates with herpes will have typical herpetic lesions of the skin, eye, or mouth, and most of the remainder will have either encephalitis or a sepsis syndrome with pneumonitis and hepatitis and negative bacterial cultures. Because herpes can mimic other neonatal infections, laboratory diagnosis is important, using cultures of the virus from lesions, peripheral blood white cells, or CSF. Treatment with intravenous acyclovir does reduce mortality and neurologic sequelae, but outcome is still guarded in babies with disseminated disease or encephalitis. Prevention focuses on caesarean section in women with active lesions at the time of impending delivery and avoidance of postnatal exposure. Further studies are needed to determine whether maternal screening (eg, HSV-2 type specific antibodies and vaginal cultures in selected women at delivery) will be cost effective in preventing neonatal herpes.
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PMID:Herpes simplex virus infection of the fetus and newborn. 801 61

A 29-year-old male patient presented with acute liver failure from non-A, non-B and non-C hepatitis, necessitating orthotopic liver transplantation. After operation he developed progressive pancytopenia on the basis of aplastic anemia, which was probably hepatitis associated. After therapy with GM-CSF had failed, he underwent allogeneic BMT from his HLA genotypically identical brother following a conditioning regimen of CY 50 mg/kg x 4 and 500 cGy total lymphoid irradiation. He engrafted promptly but transfusion dependency did not resolve until CMV viremia was treated with ganciclovir. The patient is alive and well 2 years after BMT.
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PMID:Successful allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in an adult with aplastic anemia following orthotopic liver transplantation for non-A, non-B, non-C hepatitis. 827 44


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