Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

One type of non-A non-B hepatitis (NANBH) is caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV), and is mostly transmitted through blood transfusion or its components. The prevalence of NANBH among post transfusion hepatitis (PTH) in Western countries is around 90-95%. After Chiron had identified the viral protein which caused parenteral NANBH or HCV, it became possible to detect the antibody for HCV as a sign of its transmission. In Indonesia, the usage of blood and its components gradually increased every year. Since 1985, all blood components from the Indonesian Red Cross were screened against hepatitis B virus (HBV), and it was found that most of the post-transfusion hepatitis were caused by HCV. In this study, the prevalence of the HCV antibody in blood donors was 3 out of 193 (1.6%) using the ELISA method (Ortho).
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PMID:Hepatitis C among blood donors in Jakarta. 788 98

We examined surgical liver specimens from 52 patients with hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis. All patients underwent orthotopic liver transplantation at Paul Brousse Hospital. They were found to be seropositive for antibodies to hepatitis C virus by second-generation testing (RIBA 2, Ortho Diagnostic Systems Inc, Westwood, MA). We detected multiple granulomas in five (10%) of the cirrhotic livers. These granulomas were composed of epithelioid cells, sometimes associated with multinucleated giant cells, and were surrounded by small lymphocytes and fibrosis. The epithelioid granulomas were located within the cirrhotic nodules. They were not present within the portal tracts or within the fibrosis. These granulomas were diffusely distributed in the liver. None of the patients with diffuse hepatic epithelioid granulomas had evidence of tuberculosis or brucellosis before transplantation or during the follow-up period (range, 3 to 20 months). They had no detectable cause of granulomatous hepatitis. The role of hepatitis C virus as a cause of epithelioid granulomas is discussed.
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PMID:The presence of epithelioid granulomas in hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis. 770 28

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is recognized as the major cause of non-A, non-B hepatitis. Its prevalence in different patient populations and blood donors has been reported worldwide but not yet from Lebanon. This study was performed to determine the prevalence of HCV antibodies in 536 random Lebanese blood donors using three enzyme immunoassay kits: ETI-AB-HCVK (Sorin, Biomedica, Italy), UBI HCV EIA (Organon Teknika, Netherlands) and ORTHO HCV 2.0 ELISA (Ortho Diagnostic Systems, USA). The latter was also used as an arbitrator test. Though ETI-AB-HCVK and UBI HCV EIA kits gave higher initial positive results (5.8% and 3.7%, respectively) than ORTHO HCV 2.0 ELISA (1.1%), the over all prevalence of HCV antibody in these blood donors was 0.7%. A brief review of the HCV virus, its epidemiology, clinical features and diagnostic aspects is also presented. A similar testing approach was carried out on additional 3643 blood donors. Confirmatory testing based on CHIRON*RIBA*HCV 2.0 strip immunoblot assay (Ortho) revealed that the HCV antibody seroprevalence in random Lebanese blood donors is 0.11% and not 0.7% as found by ELISAs alone.
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PMID:Hepatitis C virus : prevalence in Lebanese blood donors and brief overview of the disease. 867 56

The causal agent of most posttransfusion non-A and non-B hepatitis infections was characterized in 1989 by molecular biological techniques as a positive-stranded, enveloped RNA virus, designated hepatitis C virus (HCV). Only since 1990 has it been possible to screen for an infection with antibody tests or direct amplification assays for the nucleic acid (i.e., reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction [PCR]). However, these nucleic acid based tests are time consuming and rather expensive. Recently, third-generation enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) for HCV infection were introduced (i.e., Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, IL; Ortho Diagnostics, Inc., Raritan, NJ; and Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland). The Roche Diagnostics EIA has been evaluated with our patient population. To this end, 1,090 samples were assayed by both EIA and PCR; 946 of all samples (87%) were negative, and 107 samples (9.8%) were positive by both tests. Thirty of the patients (2.7%) showed antibodies but no detectable virus, whereas 7 of all patients tested (0.6%) were PCR-positive but had not yet developed antibodies to the virus. Of these 7 patients, only one showed normal serum transaminases. Virus strain subtyping and quantification of viral load on the positive samples in parallel have been performed, and the fact that the EIA detects all the virus subtypes found in our hospital can be inferred. No correlation between subtypes, viral load, and immune response could be measured with this antibody test. Our results indicate that, in most circumstances (except in settings where immunocompromised patients are abundant), this EIA can replace the much more expensive PCR tests for the routine screening for HCV infection.
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PMID:Detection of common hepatitis C virus subtypes with a third-generation enzyme immunoassay. 878 9

Outlined is a protocol for the administration of emergency contraceptive pills. The indication for such treatment is unprotected intercourse within the past 72 hours. Absolute contraindications include the possibility of an existing pregnancy and a family history of stroke, heart attack, thrombophlebitis, breast or endometrial cancer, or liver tumor. Possibly excluded, depending on evaluation by a physician, are women with abnormal vaginal bleeding, active hepatitis, active gallbladder disease, high blood pressure, acute focal migraine, breastfeeding women, and those unable to understand instructions. The recommended regimen consists of six tablets of Ovral (two taken immediately, two more in 12 hours) or 12 tablets of Lo/Ovral, Nordette, or Levlen (four taken immediately, repeat dosage in 12 hours). The extra pills are to be used in cases of vomiting within three hours of pill ingestion. Women with a history of oral contraceptive-related nausea and vomiting should be provided with Compazine. Women should be informed that this method is effective in only about 92% of cases. All women who receive emergency contraception should be counseled that this is strictly a back-up method and helped to formulate a long-term birth control strategy.
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PMID:Emergency contraceptive pills (ECP) protocol. 1228 80

In organ transplantation, virus transmitted by the donor is associated with a higher risk of severe primary infection after transplantation in the seronegative recipient. In this study, the risk of hepatitis-C virus (HCV) transmission by the kidney was determined, and the morbidity in the recipient assessed. Serum samples from all kidney donors of our Transplantation Unit between 1983 and 1988 were screened for antibodies to anti-HCV by first enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Ortho ELISA) and positive samples were confirmed by a second-generation ELISA and the CHIRON RIBA HCV test. Of the 164 kidney donors whose sera were available, five were positive (3%) and all of them were positive with the RIBA test. Liver function was normal in the five donors. Seven recipients received a renal transplant from the anti-HCV-positive donors. Two patients had a follow-up too short to draw any conclusions. Two patients remained anti-HCV-negative up to 36 and 48 months, respectively, but one of them had chronic hepatitis. One patient was anti-HCV-positive before transplantation and remained positive over the 4-year follow-up. The two last patients seroconverted and acute hepatitis occurred at 16 and 101 days after transplantation, respectively. In both cases, no peroperative or postoperative transfusion was given and no other cause of hepatitis could be determined. A cirrhotic evolution was observed within 15 and 36 months in both cases. Thus HCV can be transmitted by a kidney transplant and cadaveric donors positive for anti-HCV antibodies should be excluded from kidney donation.
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PMID:Should hepatitits-C virus antibody-positive donors be excluded from kidney donation? 1462 28

The clinical significance of specimens with low sample-to-cutoff (S/Co) ratios in the Ortho VITROS chemiluminescence assay (CIA) for detection of antibodies to hepatitis C virus (HCV) was evaluated. In one study of 482 CIA-reactive samples, none of the 83 samples with S/Co ratios of < 5 was HCV RNA positive. In a subsequent study, 332 samples with S/Co ratios of between 1 and 20 were tested with the recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA). None of the 163 samples with S/Co ratios of < 5 was RIBA positive, 83% were RIBA negative, and 28 samples (18%) were RIBA indeterminate. HCV RNA and/or clinical evidence of hepatitis was not found in the 27 indeterminate cases examined. These results show that over 99% of samples with very low S/Co ratios (< or = 5) have no evidence of HCV infection. Therefore, we suggest that the HCV antibody testing algorithm for the VITROS assay might be modified to eliminate supplemental testing of samples with very low S/Co ratios.
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PMID:Efficiency of the ortho VITROS assay for detection of hepatitis C virus-specific antibodies increased by elimination of supplemental testing of samples with very low sample-to-cutoff ratios. 1587 88

The EIAgen HCV test (Adaltis Inc., Montreal, Canada) is an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the detection of anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies. This study compared the performance of this test side-by-side with the current Ortho HCV 3.0 Anti-HCV assay (Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics Inc., Johnson & Johnson Company, Raritan, NY, USA). Among 2559 specimens examined, 178 were true positives, 2376 were true negatives and 5 were indeterminate. The sensitivity of the EIAgen HCV test was 100%, versus 98.3% for the Ortho HCV test, while their respective specificities were 98.1% and 98.2%. The EIAgen HCV test gave a positive predictive value of 79.8% and a negative predictive value of 100%. Overall, the concordance of this test with the Ortho HCV test was 98.2%. Specimens from potentially interfering substances, such as sera from pregnant women, sera from patients with acute non-C hepatitis, autoimmune diseases, lipidemia, or from patients undergoing hemolysis, showed no interference with either EIA. An EIAgen HCV test signal-to-cut-off ratio of >5.9 would be highly predictive of a true-positive finding in these specimens. The EIAgen HCV test is well suited for screening blood and blood products in antibodies to HCV.
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PMID:Evaluation of the performance of the EIAgen HCV test for detection of hepatitis C virus infection. 1970 91

The prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis C virus (HCV) was studied in hemophiliacs, hemodialysis patients, intravenous drug abusers, female prisoners, homosexuals, individuals with no markers of recent hepatitis A or B virus infections and normal individuals (federal public servants), by an enzyme immunoassay (Ortho Diagnostic Systems Inc). Repeat positive samples were further tested by recombinant immunoblot assay (riba) HCV (Chiron Corp, California). The number of samples positive for antibodies to HCV (anti-HCV) was higher with enzyme immunoassay than by riba HCV in most cases. A high prevalence of anti-HCV was detected in hemophiliacs by both enzyme immunoassay (68.8%) and riba HCV (53.7%). Among intravenous drug abusers and female prisoners the prevalence rates for anti-HCV were 42.8% and 29.8%, respectively, by riba HCV; the results with enzyme immunoassay were only slightly higher. The prevalence rate was also high by both tests (54.2%) in hemodialysis patients' sera taken during 1980-82, when many cases of non-A,non-B hepatitis were suspected in this group. In contrast, only 14.1% of sera taken during 1990 were positive by riba HCV. In individuals with no markers of recent hepatitis A or B infections, 13.4% were positive by enzyme immunoassay, whereas only 4.5% were reactive by riba HCV. The lowest prevalence was seen in homosexuals (2.3%) and normal individuals (1.2%) by riba HCV. These results indicate a high prevalence of anti-HCV in high risk groups tested in Canada.
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PMID:Antibody to hepatitis C virus in risk groups in Canada. 2245 59


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