Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The successful cloning of a non-structural antigen from the genome of what is now designated as the 'hepatitis C virus' (HCV) has transformed an erstwhile diagnosis of exclusion for non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANBH). The assay has been validated against panels of known infectivity for NANBH and sera from haemophiliac patients treated either with virally inactivated or uninactivated factor VIII. The predictive value of the assay is being assessed clinically in prospective studies of post-transfusion hepatitis and by using laboratory techniques such as polymerase chain reaction. While the assay shows good predictability in high-risk subjects, an appreciable number of false-positive results are likely in blood donor populations. Furthermore, the extent of infectivity of seropositive blood donors is still the subject of active research. The prevalence of anti-HCV in blood donors varies from approximately 0.2 to 1.5% around the world, based on repeat reactivity in the Ortho antiglobulin ELISA assay. These rates may be appreciably reduced following supplementary testing with recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA). Prevalence data in African sera are as yet unreliable, pending assessment by RIBA, presumably because of high levels of IgG interfering with the assay. Presence of anti-HBc or elevated alanine aminotransferase associates to a greater or lesser extent with seropositivity, especially when both surrogate markers are present, but conversely many (unconfirmed) seropositive subjects lack these surrogate markers. An understanding of the modes of transmission of HVC is of obvious importance to transfusion practice. Intravenous drug use is a striking risk factor, but the contribution made by sexual transmission is not so clear.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Non-A, non-B hepatitis and the anti-HCV assay. 171 Dec 60

Stored serum samples of 20 patients with clinically and bioptically proven non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANBH) in the acute stage were tested for the presence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) by means of the Ortho ELISA system. After a mean period of 8 weeks from onset of the disease, 8 of 20 patients (40%) had anti-HCV. Our follow-up study included 14 patients. Of 9 primarily anti-HCV-negative patients, 2 became positive after 2 and 7 months respectively, whereas 7 patients remained anti-HCV-negative up to 52 months (range 1-128) after the onset of hepatitis. The prevalence of anti-HCV was 71% in 7 patients with parenteral hepatitis related to transfusions (n = 2) or drug abuse (n = 5), and 38% in 13 patients with sporadic NANBH. Of the 8 anti-HCV-negative patients with sporadic NANBH, 5 had stayed in one of the countries where enterically transmitted NANBH is endemic 3 to 6 weeks before the onset of their disease. Our results show that at present the anti-HCV-test supplies an etiologic basis for approximately half of all cases of NANBH in acute stage. Nevertheless, in most cases the acute NANBH remains a diagnosis of exclusion.
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PMID:[Hepatitis C antibodies in acute Non-A, Non-B hepatitis]. 171 14

Human intravenous immunoglobulins prepared by the cold ethanol fractionation technique of Cohn are considered safe with respect to infectivity. However, there have been several instances of transmission of both hepatitis B and non-A,non-B hepatitis viruses after administration of intravenous immunoglobulins. To determine the prevalence of hepatitis C virus antibody in intravenous immunoglobulins and protein preparations, 30 commercially available products were tested. Using the Abbott enzyme immunoassay for hepatitis C virus antibody, 27 of 30 (90%) immunoglobulins tested positive. The Ortho immunoassay showed that 28 of 30 (93%) were positive, with one discordant result between the Ortho and Abbott assays. An antigen-blocking or neutralization test (Abbott) confirmed the results of the Ortho assay. Bovine, sheep, goat, and horse sera also were tested before and after isolation of animal immunoglobulins. All results on the animal sera were negative, indicating that the fractionation process did not produce false-positive results. The high prevalence rate of hepatitis C virus antibody in intravenous immunoglobulins has important implications for follow-up of recipients, selection of serum donors, and implementation of anti-hepatitis C virus testing.
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PMID:Prevalence of non-A,non-B hepatitis/hepatitis C virus antibody in human immunoglobulins. 849 58

The frequency of asymptomatic carriage of the hepatitis virus types B and C in an inner city area (South London) was assessed in a survey of 1002 subjects attending their General Practitioner for minor, non-hepatic complaints. Ten subjects were seropositive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) (1 per cent), but only one, who declined liver biopsy, had any clinical laboratory evidence of hepatitis B virus-related chronic liver disease. Carriage of, and exposure to, hepatitis B virus was significantly more frequent among people born outside the UK/Eire and those with a history of jaundice. Among people of Caribbean origin the frequency of hepatitis B virus markers fell from 31 per cent among those born in the Caribbean to 11 per cent amongst second generation subjects born in this country. Despite careful counselling, offers of further investigation and treatment of those affected, and vaccination of vulnerable children or partners, were often declined. Four percent of the same population had antibodies to the hepatitis C virus using the Ortho anti-hepatitis C virus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay but this figure fell to 0.9 per cent when a second test, based on synthetic peptides rather than a recombinant antigen, was used. None had any abnormality of standard liver function tests. Chronic asymptomatic carriage of hepatitis, particularly in inner city areas, may be more common than previously recognized. Effective use of antiviral agents and vaccination will be limited until appropriate health education dispels the widespread misconceptions and fears associated with a diagnosis of chronic viral hepatitis.
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PMID:Frequency of asymptomatic hepatitis types B and C in an inner city community and relation to possible risk factors. 175 68

Hepatitis C virus antibody (anti-HCV) was assessed in serum samples from patients with non-A, non-B liver diseases using an Ortho HCV ELISA kit. In patients with posttransfusion hepatitis, anti-HCV was found in 89% and the interval between onset and anti-HCV seroconversion was 51 to 168 (mean 80) days. Anti-HCV remained positive with fluctuating serum GPT levels in 88% of the patients in whom anti-HCV seroconversion was observed. In chronic liver diseases, anti-HCV was found in 70 to 100%, being more common in patients who had a history of blood transfusion. The average interval between transfusion and detectable anti-HCV was 21.5 years. Anti-HCV was also found occasionally in patients having normalized serum GPT level after the onset, HBV carrier with posttransfusion hepatitis and patients with autoimmune hepatitis. Decreasing anti-HCV titer was noted with the normalization of serum GPT levels in the patients who received interferon therapy. These findings suggest that anti-HCV is closely associated with blood transfusion and HCV infection plays an important role in non-A, non-B liver diseases. The improvement of the current HCV assay system seems to contribute to further evaluation of the clinical entity of HCV infection.
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PMID:[Detection of hepatitis C virus antibody in non-A non-B liver diseases]. 184 11

HCV infections are diagnosed by determining the circulating antibodies to the C 100 recombinant viral antigen using the ELISA method. Cut-off analysis from normal subjects and well documented NANBH patients suggests that screening of a low risk group such as blood donors might yield a relatively high ratio of false positives. An immunoblot assay (Chiron RIBA) using 3 recombinant antigens, C 100, 5-1-1 and SOD has been developed for evaluating the ELISA reactives as an additional, more specific assay. In the RIBA testing 51.5% were reactive and 28.5% were indeterminate in ELISA positive donor specimens, and 79.5% were reactive and 8.0% were indeterminate in ELISA positive non-A, non-B hepatitis patients specimens. These findings coincide with the ratio of theoretically calculated true positive. In a study done by Ortho U.S.A. viral RNA were detected in 70% of RIBA reactive, 33% of indeterminate and 3.6% non-reactive specimens by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Furthermore, an advanced system using another immunogenic region of viral polyprotein including c33c encoded in NS3 has been on trial to evaluate the possibility of confirming HCV infection and detecting seroconversion at an earlier stage.
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PMID:[Interpretation of Ortho HCV Ab ELISA test results by chiron HCV recombinant immunoblot assay]. 184 12

The transmission of non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANB)/hepatitis C virus (HCV) was studied in patients undergoing open-heart surgery and related to the reception of blood products and hospitalization and surgery per se. Posttransfusion hepatitis NANB was noticed in 17/390 (4.4%) patients receiving heterologous blood and 8/16 tested became positive for anti-HCV (Ortho HCV ELISA), all within 5 months after onset of hepatitis. Among patients with normal ALAT before surgery and during follow-up, who had received heterologous blood, 1/50 seroconverted after 6 months. This patient probably had a subclinical HCV infection, or possibly a temporary non-specific anti-HCV reactivity with a maximum optical density/cut-off ratio (OD/CO) of 1.2, whereas all posttransfusion hepatitis C cases had OD/CO ratios greater than 4. No hepatitis occurred among the 92 non-transfused patients and no seroconversion was found in any of 62 non-transfused patients tested 6 months after the operation. It was concluded that (1) hospitalization and surgery per se does not seem to offer a risk of hepatitis NANB/C, and (2) seroconversion to for HCV occurs in only 50% of Swedish patients with acute posttransfusion NANB hepatitis.
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PMID:Incidence of hepatitis and seroconversion to hepatitis C virus after open-heart surgery in transfused and non-transfused patients in Sweden. 185 23

In Venezuela post-transfusional hepatitis (PTH) data is unknown. We studied, prospectively, 147 patients who received blood transfusions (1 to 48 different blood components). They were screened for HBsAg (Ortho HBsAg Elisa Test System), anti HBc (Ortho HBc Elisa Test System and CORZYME, Abbott Laboratories) and amino-transferases (Doles), before and after transfusions. Only the last 36 patients were tested for anti HCV (Ortho HCV antibody Elisa Test)R from the beginning. The test were performed at 2, 7, 12 and 24 weeks subsequently in the negative recipients. PTH for type B virus was 3.8% (5/131), and for NANBH 2.7% (3/110). In both groups those recipients who had more transfusions had the greatest incidence of PTH. We conclude that anti HBc and ALT must be done in all blood donors to prevent the occurrence of PTH either B virus or NANBH. We suggest also, to include anti HCV screening in blood donors as a mean to make blood transfusion safer.
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PMID:[Post-transfusional hepatitis. Preliminary study]. 190 68

We studied the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in childhood by determining HCV antibody (Ortho Diagnostic Systems, USA). Among patients with post-transfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis, anti-HCV was positive in 8 (72.7%) out of 11 patients. On the other hand, only 1 (25.0%) out of 4 patients of the children with acute non-A, non-B hepatitis, and only 1 (20.0%) out of 5 with chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis patients were positive for anti-HCV. Among the infants with non-A, non-B hepatitis, anti-HCV was positive in 3 (7.5%) out of 40 infants. To demonstrate mother-to-infant transmission of HCV, we examined 7 infants born to 4 anti-HCV positive mothers for their GPT values and anti-HCV. Liver dysfunction occurred in all the infants but one. And 1 infant was positive for anti-HCV. This infant with positive anti-HCV and liver dysfunction was considered to be a case of mother-to-infant transmission of HCV. And in the infants with liver dysfunction and negative anti-HCV, it was suggested that liver dysfunction occurred in association with HCV infection.
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PMID:[Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in childhood]. 190 13

The seroepidemiology of HBV and HCV infections in the patients with acute and chronic liver diseases in Jakarta was investigated. The sera from 141 cases with acute hepatitis, 176 liver cirrhosis and 70 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were examined. Anti-HA IgM, HBsAg, anti-HBc IgM and anti HCV (Ortho) were detected by Elisa method. In acute hepatitis, 83 cases (58.9%) out of 141 cases were hepatitis A and 9 cases (6.4%) hepatitis B. The others were diagnosed non-A, non-B (NANB) hepatitis and anti-HCV in 4 cases (11.8%) out of 34 cases with NANB hepatitis was positive. The low prevalence of anti-HCV in acute NANB hepatitis seems to be due to inadequate date of serum sampling. HBsAg and anti-HCV in liver cirrhosis were positive 36.5% and 73.9% respectively, including 22.7% of double infection. HBsAg and anti-HCV in HCC were 58.6% and 34.2%, including 17.1% of double infection. In 16.7% fo chronic liver disease (liver cirrhosis and HCC), neither HBsAg nor anti-HCV were detected.
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PMID:The prevalence of antibody to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) in patients with acute and chronic liver diseases in Jakarta, Indonesia. 190 63


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