Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Swaziland is a kingdom with 800,000 inhabitants bordering on Mozambique and South Africa with about 50% of the population under 15 years of age. The experience of a nurse in a small clinic in the course of several years is recounted. Swaziland ranks 3rd in the world in alcohol abuse which often leads to wounds requiring suturing. Penicillin is given prophylactically with a paracetamol preparation for analgesia. As a rule, every injured person will get a .5 ml tetanus injection for prophylaxis. The most serious conditions of polyclinic patients are hepatitis, bilharzia, diarrhea, pellagra, pneumonia, and malnutrition. A great number of patients have sexually transmitted diseases, and the rate of AIDS infection is not known. According to 1 study 60-80% of the population in reproductive age will die of AIDS in the course of a 5-year period. The majority of people are impervious to counseling about their sexual behavior in spite of educational programs on the radio, in schools, and in work places. Condoms are not popular, since they are not considered manly. Pregnant women receive iron and multivitamin tablets in the course of pregnancy. Many pregnant women are anemic, and 70% give birth at home, the rest in a hospital or clinic. During delivery they get no analgesia, and there are few complications. The average weight of the newborn is 3.5 kg, although none of the women are under 150 cm. A little after birth all children are vaccinated with bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and polio, later with diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) and measles.
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PMID:[Nursing under a different sky. Swaziland]. 146 29

Methoxyflurane is utilized in obstetrics for analgesia during labor. It has been recognized as an unpredictable hepatotoxin. Although hepatitis has been seen after its use in anesthesia, only one case of hepatitis has been reported after its use for analgesia in labor. Two more cases of hepatitis following methoxyflurane analgesia are reported. Direct toxic effects of its metabolites and host idiosyncrasy may underlie the hepatic injury from methoxyflurane.
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PMID:Methoxyflurane hepatitis: two cases following obstetric analgesia. 613 1

This article is based on the review of more than eighty references involving clinical treatment, analgesia, auriculoacupoint for diagnosis and its mechanism. In the first part, selection of acupoints, methods of manipulation, therapeutic effects and related experience in 56 kinds of respiratory, circulatory, digestive, urological, gynaecological, obstetrical, pediatric, otolaryngologic and ophthalmologic, dermatologic diseases and diseases of the nervous systems, as well as treatment of acute abdominal diseases, reduction of body weight, abstinence from smoking and drinking, etc. are discussed. A variety of stimulation methods, such as auriculoacupuncture with filform needles, needle embedding therapy, point injection, bloodletting, laser irradiation, aurioular plaster and pressing therapy, etc are also introduced. In the second part, experiences of surgical operation and endoscopy under auriculoacupuncture anesthesia are described. The third part deals with diagnosis using auriculoacupoints. Also described in this part is the clinical application of auricular acupoints in the diagnosis of cancers, coronary diseases, cholelithiasis, hepatitis, tertian malaria, etc. The correlation between the morphology and function of auricular acupoints, i.e. the relationship between auricular acupoints and visceral function, and main development in clinical therapy, diagnosis and mechanism of auriculoacupuncture are introduced in the fourth part, including the results of investigations of reactions of auriculoacupoints during disorders of the body and viscerae, reactions of viscerae during stimulation of auriculoacupoints and their transmission routes. Based on the analysis of the history and current status of research on auriculoacupuncture, the author emphasizes the necessity of attaching importance at the same time to prophylaxis and treatment of serious diseases and standardization of nomenclature. Suggestions in this connexion are also made.
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PMID:Recent studies on auriculoacupuncture and its mechanism. 841 88

The endogenous cannabinoid anandamide, a lipid mediator, induces various physiologic events such as vascular relaxation, inhibition of gap-junctions formation, tumor proliferation, neurologic analgesia, and apoptosis. Although increased concentration of anandamide in plasma has been implicated in pathophysiologic states including endotoxin-induced hypotension, the effects of anandamide on hepatocytes still remain unclear. In this study, we present evidence that plasma anandamide concentration is highly increased in severe hepatitis and cirrhosis patients. In addition, concentrations of anandamide within the pathophysiologic range potently induced apoptosis of hepatoma cell line (Hep G2) and primary hepatocytes, suggesting a possible link between increased anandamide level and hepatocyte damage. Anandamide-induced cell death was preceded by G0/G1 cell-cycle arrest, activation of proapoptotic signaling (i.e., p38 MAPK and JNK), and inhibition of antiapoptotic signaling (i.e., PKB/Akt) pathways. Moreover, anandamide increased susceptibility to oxidative stress-induced hepatocyte damage. In this context, methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MCD), a membrane cholesterol depletor, or mevastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, or N-acetyl cysteine, an antioxidant, potently inhibited the anandamide-induced proapoptotic events and cell death, whereas putative cannabinoid receptor antagonists did not exhibit an inhibitory effect on anandamide-induced cell death. Furthermore, binding assay using polymyxin beads revealed that anandamide could interact with cholesterol. In conclusion, our data suggest that cholesterol present in the cell membrane determines the fate of hepatocytes exposed to anandamide, possibly functioning as an anandamide receptor.
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PMID:Membrane cholesterol but not putative receptors mediates anandamide-induced hepatocyte apoptosis. 1457 55

A 34-year-old female patient complaining of general fatigue and liver dysfunction was diagnosed as acute aggravation of chronic hepatitis B. She showed a complication of Cushing's disease and hepatitis was initially treated with lamivudine administration as well as inhibition and supplementation of cortisol, because hypercortisolemia could induce massive liver necrosis with hepatitis. After inducing remission phase, Hardy's operation for pituitary microadenoma was scheduled. Induction and maintenance of anesthesia were achieved by administration of propofol and analgesia was attained by intermittent administration of fentanyl. Liver function was well maintained during perioperative period and no complication concerning anesthesia was observed.
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PMID:[Anesthesia for a patient with Cushing's disease and hepatitis B]. 1854 7

Acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) is an inflammation of the gallbladder in the absence of demonstrated stones, which is rarely seen in paediatric population. The diagnosis is accomplished mainly through abdominal ultrasonography in the appropriate but usually non-specific clinical picture. Complicated cases need surgical intervention; the medical management is mainly constituted by supportive and antibiotic therapy, as most AAC are observed in the setting of systemic bacterial or parasitic infections. However, AAC has been rarely reported in association with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, where the gastrointestinal involvement is often mild and thus unrecognised. We report a case of EBV-related AAC associated with unusually severe hepatitis in an immunocompetent and otherwise healthy patient. We describe its benign clinical course, despite the serious liver impairment, by a medical management characterised by the prompt discontinuation of broad-spectrum antibiotics, as soon as EBV aetiology is ascertained, and by the appropriate analgesia and fluid resuscitation.
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PMID:Acute acalculous cholecystitis associated with severe EBV hepatitis in an immunocompetent child. 2441 37

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies) are a standard of care for advanced melanoma. Novel toxicities comprise immune-related adverse events (irAE). With increasing use, irAE require recognition, practical management strategies, and multidisciplinary care. We retrospectively evaluated the incidence, kinetics, and management of irAE in 41 patients receiving anti-PD-1 antibody therapy (pembrolizumab) for advanced melanoma. 63% received prior anti-CTLA-4 antibody therapy (ipilimumab). IrAE occurred in 54%, most commonly dermatological (24%), rheumatological (22%), and thyroid dysfunction (12%). Thyroiditis was characterised by a brief asymptomatic hyperthyroid phase followed by a symptomatic hypothyroid phase requiring thyroxine replacement. Transplant rejection doses of methylprednisolone were necessary to manage refractory hepatotoxicity. A bullous pemphigoid-like skin reaction with refractory pruritus responded to corticosteroids and neuropathic analgesia. Disabling grade 3-4 oligoarthritis required sulfasalazine therapy in combination with steroids. The median interval between the last dose of anti-CTLA-4 antibody and the first dose of anti-PD-1 therapy was 2.0 months (range: 0.4 to 22.4). Toxicities may occur late; this requires vigilance and multidisciplinary management which may allow effective anticancer therapy to continue. Management algorithms for thyroiditis, hypophysitis, arthralgia/arthritis, colitis, steroid-refractory hepatitis, and skin toxicity are discussed.
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PMID:Immune Toxicity with Checkpoint Inhibition for Metastatic Melanoma: Case Series and Clinical Management. 2961 Jun 84