Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Long-acting oral contraceptives (OCs) for women were available for clinical experimentation in 1969. Through the country, 29 provinces, cities, and autonomous regions participated in this expirement. Based upon the cases between 1969 and 1976 findings from this expirement can be summarized as follows: 1) the 3 types of long-acting OCs have proved to be very effective, and the rate of breast cancer and cervical cancer is lower than the normal rate. The childbearing ability can be restored rapidly after discontinued use of the contraceptives. The impact on menses and metaboliism is not very serious. The health of the users and the newborn babies has not been found to be endangered. Statistics show that long-acting OCs are comparatively more secure measures for birth control; 2) some users have experienced dizziness, nausea, and excessive leukorrhea, and discontdiscontinued because of discomfort and inconvenience. This situation has some impact on the popular use of long-acting OCs. Research and studies are underway on a reduced dosage and reduction of side effects; 3) women who suffer from hepatitis, nephritis, a history of liver and kidney problems, breast tumors, cervical cancer, diabetes, active low blood sugar, or a history of having over-sized babies, or an overweight problem should not use OCs. Women who suffer from high blood pressure can only use OCs with a doctor's advice and caution.
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PMID:[Clinical observations on long-acting oral contraceptives--a report of 43,373 (author's transl)]. 26 34

Dantrolene sodium or dantrolene1 is 1([5-(nitrophenyl)furfurylidend] amino) hydantoin sodium hydrate. It is indicated for use in chronic disorders characterised by skeletal muscle spasticity, such as spinal cord injury, stroke, cerebral palsy and multiple sclerosis. Dantrolene is believed to act directly on the contractile mechanism of skeletal muscle to decrease the force of contraction in the absence of any demonstrated effects on neural pathways, on the neuromuscular junction, or on the excitable properties of the muscle fibre membranes. Controlled trials have demonstrated that dantrolene is superior to placebo in adults or children with spasticity from various causes, as evidenced by clinical assessments of disability and daily activities, and by muscle and reflex responses to mechanical and electrical stimulation. It is somewhat less effective in patients with multiple sclerosis than in those with spasticity from other causes. There has been a general clinical impression in controlled trials that dantrolene caused less sedation than would have been expected from therapeutically comparable doses of diazepam. In 2 controlled trials, there was no significant difference between dantrolene and diazepam in terms of reductions in spasticity, clonus, and hyperreflexia, but side-effects such as drowsiness and inco-ordination occurred significantly more frequently on diazepam. Long-term studies have indicated continuing benefit for patients taking dantrolene, though the incidence of side-effects has often been high and there has been a suggestion of exacerbation of seizures in children with cerebral palsy. Dantrolene may be of value in the medical treatment of spasm of the external urethral sphincter due to neurological and non-neurological disease, and animal studies suggest a potential use in the management of malignant hyperpyrexia. Chemical evidence of liver dysfunction may occur in 0.7 to 1% of patients on long-term treatment with dantrolene, with symptomatic hepatitis in 0.35 to 0.5% and fatal hepatitis in 0.1 to 0.2%. The drug commonly causes transient drowsiness, dizziness, weakness, general malaise, fatigue and diarrhoea at the start of therapy. Muscle weakness may be the principal limiting side-effect in ambulant patients, particularly in those with multiple sclerosis, and therapy could be hazardous in patients with pre-existing bulbar or respiratory weakness. The dosage of dantrolene has been fixed in most controlled trials, though long-term studies have indicated the need for individualisation of dosage. The initial dose is usually 25mg once daily, increasing to 25mg two, three or four times daily, and then by increments of 25mg up to as high as 100mg two, three or four times daily. The lowest dose compatible with optimal response is recommended.
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PMID:Dantrolene sodium: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in spasticity. 31 89

Ranitidine was first marketed in 1981; since then many patients have been treated such that much experience has been accumulated on the safety of this histamine H2-receptor antagonist in the treatment of gastroduodenal disease. A wide array of ranitidine-associated side effects has been described, but infrequently. As so much information is now available, the aim of this review is to assess the weight of evidence for a causal link between ranitidine and the reported side effects. Overall, ranitidine is well tolerated. The incidence of general side effects at less than 2% is very similar to placebo. Headaches, tiredness, dizziness and mild gastrointestinal disturbance (e.g. diarrhoea, constipation and nausea) are among the most frequent complaints, but have very seldom resulted in stopping treatment. Cardiovascular side effects are extremely rare and unpredictable with the usual doses of oral ranitidine (at most 1 in 1 million patients). They mostly comprise sinusal bradycardia and atrioventricular blockade, especially after rapid intravenous administration, receding after cessation of the drug. Clinical studies, however, have not shown a significant pharmacological effect of ranitidine on the cardiovascular system via H2-receptors, even though individual sensitivities cannot be ruled out in a few isolated reports. Ranitidine is unlikely to be directly hepatotoxic: a transient change in liver function tests has been noted in only 1 in 100 to 1 in 1000 patients. Several cases of mixed hepatitis have been reported, but very few were fully documented. The incidence of ranitidine-associated acute hepatitis has been estimated to be less than 1 in 100,000 patients. Neuropsychiatric complications may be less common and clinically quite similar to those reported with cimetidine, i.e. confusion, disorientation, hallucinations, delirium. These side effects have occurred especially in critically ill and multiple-therapy patients, or patients with chronic renal or hepatic failure, so that the direct causal link with ranitidine treatment was often difficult to ascertain. Even though an H2-receptor-mediated effect is an attractive hypothesis (since similar complications were noted with other H2-receptor antagonists), other mechanisms have been suggested to play a role, e.g. cholinergic or histaminic effects. The overall incidence of neuropsychiatric complications is probably markedly less than 1%. White cell injury (i.e. agranulocytosis) appears to be the most frequent haematological complication, even though case reports are very few and poorly documented.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Side effects of ranitidine. 204 87

Side effects of carbamazepine (CBZ), valproate (VPA) and clonazepam (CZP) are rare during long-term use but rather common and usually transient during the early phases of treatment. The usual side effects of CBZ are drowsiness, dizziness, and diplopia, which are dose dependent in long-term use, but CBZ does not seem to cause cognitive disturbances, as do phenobarbital and phenytoin. Other reactions to CBZ may include leukopenia, hyponatremia, disturbances of vitamin D metabolism and fortunately rarely, agranulocytosis and hepatitis. Use of VPA can lead to gastrointestinal discomfort, weight gain, hair loss, tremor and sedation, but these side effects are rather uncommon, mild, and transient during VPA monotherapy. Potentially hazardous reactions such as hepatitis and pancreatitis have occurred in a few patients on VPA, generally with multidrug therapy. Some of the side effects are dose related. They infrequently lead to withdrawal of VPA. Side effects limited to initiation of CZP therapy include drowsiness, ataxia, and behavioral changes; they are usually transient but can lead to dose reduction or even withdrawal of the drug. Except for development of tolerance, CZP seems to be practically free of long-term side effects.
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PMID:Side effects of carbamazepine, valproate and clonazepam during long-term treatment of epilepsy. 642 98

The main side-effects of BCG vaccination by scarification in 511 patients with malignant melanoma since 1974 have been fatigue and exhaustion, swelling of the lymph-nodes, influenza-like symptoms, nausea and dizziness. Only in 8 patients were the side-effects more severe, requiring the cessation of treatment in some of them. One patient developed granulomatous hepatitis, another experienced a reactivation of pulmonary tuberculosis. Allergic reactions occurred in two patients. A further patient developed recurrent erysipelas in the draining areas of the scarification. In two patients we observed continuous severe joint troubles, which were not due to metastatic disease. The eighth patient developed keloids at the vaccination sites on the upper arms. One third of the patients had no side-effects. Altogether vaccinations were tolerated well by most of the patients. Nearly all of them were able to work normally.
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PMID:[Side effects of BCG immune therapy in 511 patients with malignant melanoma]. 670 81

Recently it has been known that paromomycin sulfate had marked anthelmintic activity against some species of tapeworms. In this investigation, paromomycin sulfate was used for treating 6 cases of diphyllobothriasis and 1 case of Taenia saginata infection. Paromomycin sulfate was administered orally in a single dose or 2 divided doses of 40--60 mg/kg, being followed by a purge about 1.5 hours later. Strobila or fragments of proglottids were expelled from 5 cases, of which only 1 scolex was found in a case of infection with marine species of Diphyllobothrium. In 1 case of diphyllobothriasis no worm or worm-fragment was found in the stool even after the second challenge of treatment. Nevertheless follow-up examination for more than 1 month showed no evidence of remaining infection in all cases. Transient dizziness was observed in only 1 case, disappearing within about 30 minutes. Serum- and urine-examinations detected no abnormal signs in all cases excepting 1 case of diphyllobothriasis with suspected hepatitis. It was concluded that paromomycin sulfate is effective therapeutic agent for the treatment of taeniasis and diphyllobothriasis including marine species.
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PMID:[Efficacy of paromomycin sulfate in the elimination of Diphyllobothrium species and Taenia saginata in clinical cases]. 687 73

General anesthesia offers greater comfort for both the abortion patient and the operator. The combination of diazepam and ketamine which is rapidly reversible and offers a moderately deep anesthesia was used in 127 voluntary abortions and 3 therapeutic abortions. Patients ranged in age from 14-40 years and averaged 26, with 58% under 26. Patient weights ranged from 40-82 kg and averaged 56 kg. 43% were primaparas and average parity was 2.5. The average duration of the prenancy was 8.1 weeks. 10 patients were obese, 1 was asthmatic, 1 was a controlled hypertensive, 3 had cardiopathies, and 4 each had hepatitis and meningitis. 1 had treated epilepsy and 2 had serious depressive syndromes. 3 women had previously had voluntary abortions, 9 had had miscarriages, and 1 had had an extrauterine pregnancy. 17% had no fear or anxiety before the procedure, 56% had moderate levels, 28% had significant levels, and 19% had very high levels. 94% of the procedures were done by aspiration and in most cases a preliminary insertion of laminaria was done. The average duration of the procedure was 5 minutes, with extremes of 2 and 25 minutes. Patients were premedicated 1 hour before the procedure with intramuscular injections of 10 mg diazepam and 1/4 mg of atropine. For the induction, a butterfly needle with an antireturn system was used to inject 10 mg of diazepam and 1/4 mg of atropine diluted in 20 ml of distilled water. The patient was placed in the gynecological position and, if necessary, 5 mg of diazepam were added. Between .5-1 mg/kg of ketamine were injected in 10-15 seconds. The same dose was reinjected if the anesthesia was insufficient or the procedure was prolonged. A mixture of 40% oxygen and 60% nitrous oxide was administered if necessary. Patients remained in bed for 6 hours after awakening. 85% of patients received total doses of ketamine of .70mg/kg or less. Average duration of anesthesia was 9.2 minutes, with durations of less than 15 minutes in 94% of cases. On awakening 5% of patients had nausea and vomiting. 16% had minor psychic disturbances or disorientation, 8% had moderate problems with vocalization, and 2% had hallucinatory delirium with agitation. Overall, 20% of patients experienced headaches, 11% nausea, and 9% dizziness. It was concluded that the combination of diazepam .2 mg/kg and ketamine .5-.7 mg/kg provides well tolerated light anesthesia utilizable for outpatient abortions.
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PMID:[Diazepam and ketamine for voluntary interruptions of pregnancy]. 692 72

Management of tuberculosis in a hospital environment is well systematized and may include chemoprophylaxis, which may be hazardous when used in psychiatric impairments. We examined retrospectively adverse events occurring during a 6-month period of antituberculosis treatment. Besides patients initially treated for active pulmonary tuberculosis, 16 other patients have benefited from chemoprophylaxis with isoniazid (INH) and/or rifampicin (RFP). All these patients (mean age 53 years) had been institutionalized for several years. Fifteen of them still received a mean of 5.4 +/- 2.2 drugs including 3.3 +/- 1.4 psychotropic agents. During antituberculous treatment, 5 patients (29 per cent) presented side effects: hyperuricaemia with pyrazinamide, neutropenia, dysphagia and anorexia, dizziness and falls, diabetes and fatal fulminant hepatitis associated with INH. Drug interactions were systemically searched for. Three probably led to clinical manifestations: they implicated INH with carbamazepine, RFP with theophylline and RFP with haloperidol. Our results suggest a greater sensitivity for adverse effects and drug interactions in psychiatric institutionalized patients. They pose the problem of the appropriateness of antituberculous chemoprophylaxis in such patients, particularly because of communication difficulties and polytherapy. The INH-RFP regimen should be avoided and the clinical and biological follow-up reinforced.
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PMID:[Adverse effects related to the use of antitubercular drugs in psychiatric centers: retrospective study at the Philippe Pinel CH in Amiens 1994]. 913 90

This study explores the knowledge, attitudes and perception of tuberculosis (TB) and how they affect adherence to preventive treatment. A qualitative study of 24 subjects taking preventive therapy for TB was undertaken. Interviews were conducted in English using a structured questionnaire in a private room adjoining the outpatient clinic before the subject's appointment. The questionnaire included; (i) demographic details; (ii) background information on TB; (iii) knowledge and perception of TB and chemoprophylaxis. Data was analysed descriptively and thematically and subjected to statistical evaluation where appropriate. Outcome was assessed >6 months after the start of preventive treatment. The sample was representative of the ethnic mix of those attending the clinic. Knowledge of TB-was gained outside the family and covered transmission but few symptoms of active TB were recognized. The perceived threat from TB was high, although the estimated risk was low. Knowledge of preventive therapy exceeded the general knowledge of TB, although the latter was associated with better adherence. Most denied knowledge of the risk of hepatitis from isoniazid. Defaulters failed to attend their first appointment, attributed more side effects to isoniazid and perceived a longer waiting time in clinic. Adherence is better with a general knowledge of TB and attendance at the first appointment and could be improved by a single daily tablet, warnings about dizziness and discussion of the difficulties of taking a 6 month course of treatment.
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PMID:Tuberculosis preventive therapy: perspective from a multi-ethnic community. 1092 35

Minocycline belongs to the second generation class of cyclines. It was synthesized in 1967 and marketed in 1972. Minocycline has an antiinfectious activity with a spectrum similar to that of other cyclines, notably against Chlamydias, Treonema and Proprionibacterium acenes. The antiinflammatory activity is associated with this antiinfectious action is greater than that of first generation cyclines with specifically a modulator effect on epidermal cytokines. The pharmokinetics of minocycline is characterized by an excellent absorption, a long half-life and an important lipophilic property inducing good tissue distribution. Clinical trials of minocycline have mainly been performed in sexually transmissible diseases and in acne, a field where randomized studies are the most frequent. These trials show that the effect of minocycline is not stronger than first generation cyclines or doxycycline, but that the action is quicker than that of tetracycline at the dose of 500 mg a day. Minocycline is also efficient in nocardiasis, mycobacteriosis, leprosy, Lyme disease, pyoderma gangrenosum, autoimmune bullous dermatitis, Carteaud disease, and prurigo. However, the effect of minocycline in these different conditions has always been evaluated in open trials with a small number of patients. The usual side effects of cyclines, i.e. digestive problems, fungal infections, are less frequent than with first generation cyclines. No photosensitivity has been demonstrated although pigmentations have been described. Dizziness is a specific side effect of minocycline. Furthermore, rare but severe side effects have been reported, including hypersensitivity syndrome, autoimmune hepatitis, and lupus. Regular indications for minocycline in dermatology are acne and three sexually transmissible diseases (mycoplasm, chlamydia, treponema). Proposed dosage is 100 mg per day in sexually transmissible disease with a reduction to 50 mg per day after 15 days in acne.
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PMID:[Minocycline]. 1142 98


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