Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The levels of C3, cholinesterase, albumin and prothrombin were determined in 46 patients (27 males and 19 females) - 26 with cirrhosis of the liver, 9 with acute hepatitis, 6 with chronic aggressive hepatitis, 1 with chronic persistent hepatitis and 4 with fatty liver. In all patients and, particularly in those with cirrhotic liver, it was shown that the normal or pathological level of serum C 3 is related both qualitatively and quantitatively to the normal or pathological levels of cholinesterase, albumin, and prothrombin. The percentage in which the levels of these four parameters were pathological was considerably higher in the cases with hepatic coma than in the cases without hepatic coma. The determination of the range of confidence for the 4 parameters showed that, in the patients with hepatic coma, cholinesterase reacted most sensitively to liver damage (0.5 - 0.94) followed by C3 and prothrombin (0.33 - 0.81). Also in the cases without hepatic coma, cholinesterase was the most sensitive indicator (0.05 - 0.29), followed by prothrombin (0.03 - 0.24), albumin and C3 (0.00-0.16).
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PMID:Serum levels of C3 and cholinesterase in various diseases of the liver. 125 98

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a specific glycoprotein which is synthesised in the fetal liver and released into the blood stream together with the closely related protein, albumin. It has been proposed that AFP functions as a carrier of essential fatty acids to certain developing cells and as a possible immunosuppressor. In man its synthesis is under the strict and complicated control of transcription of a single gene on chromosome 4. The concentration of AFP in fetal serum is greatest at about 13 weeks gestation and then decreases up to birth. During pregnancy AFP passes into the amniotic fluid and also across the placenta, so that the concentration of AFP in maternal serum increases during pregnancy in a characteristic way. Greater than normal increases may indicate certain pathological states in the fetus. Serum concentrations of AFP in the newborn infant decrease rapidly to reach levels typical for adults (< 10 micrograms/L) usually by the end of the first year. Raised concentrations of serum AFP appear in a large proportion of patients with primary hepatoma and in a smaller percentage of patients with other malignant diseases (tumours of the testis, ovary, bronchi, gastrointestinal tract). In addition, increases in serum AFP are found in other illnesses accompanied by damage to hepatocytes in the liver (hepatitis, cirrhosis etc.). Certain differences in the structure of the oligosaccharide portion of the molecule have been shown between AFP synthesized by benign or by malignant cells and between AFP synthesised by hepatocytes or by cells of endodermal origin. These differences have been used as an aid in the diagnosis of liver diseases where serum AFP is elevated. Since AFP is not strictly specific for a certain type of carcinoma, its determination is primarily used in medicine for monitoring the effects of therapy and surgery on the course of malignant conditions which initially showed increased levels of serum AFP.
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PMID:[Synthesis, structure and function of alpha-fetoproteins and their importance in medicine]. 128 28

Fifty-five patients with cytomegalovirus (CMV)-associated neonatal hepatitis (NH) were followed for 12 to 90 months. Six patients (10.9%) died from either a fulminant course or a chronic liver disease. Among the remaining 49 patients, whose liver function was completely recovered, there were eight with retardation of developmental or growth status, and two with hearing impairment. Overall, 20.4% of the survivors suffered from a long-term impact. The unfavorable outcome was related to several clinical and pathological parameters. These included persistence of clay-colored stool, presence of splenomegaly, ascites or anemia, high peak total and direct bilirubin, low nadir albumin levels, diffuse giant cell transformation and cirrhosis of the liver. The seropositivity of CMV infection did not significantly correlate with the outcome.
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PMID:Cytomegalovirus-associated neonatal hepatitis. 133 53

Authors have performed an anatomo-clinico-biological comparison of two groups of hepatitis with lobular inflammation: group I with a simple lobular inflammation, called lobular hepatitis, and group II with a lobular inflammation associated with portal and periportal hepatitis, called chronic active hepatitis (CHA) with lobular hepatitis. Furthermore, a comparative study of these forms with a group of CHA without lobular inflammation was performed. Both forms of lobular inflammation appeared in young patients, the large majority of whom were infected with the hepatitis B virus; in 5 cases of CHA with lobular hepatitis the presence of the delta agent in the liver, possibly responsible of the lobular inflammation, was detected. The two forms of lobular hepatitis are differentiated by: the fivefold increase of ALAT over the normal value, with usually normal gamma-globulins and albumin, in the first group; in the lobular hepatitis, HBsAg was present in 33% of cases in the first group and in none of the patients of the second group, suggesting the integration of HBsAg within the hepatocytic genome; the clinical picture was generally asymptomatic in the first group and noisier, with hepatomegaly, in the second group; the period elapsed since the acute hepatitis was shorter in the first group (4-11 months) in 8 of 15 patients and longer in the second group. The clinical course of these forms of hepatitis if unforeseeable and the diagnosis is established on the basis of the morphological examination.
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PMID:[The significance of lobular inflammation in chronic active hepatitis]. 134 56

Potential risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma were investigated in a case-control study among inhabitants of north east Thailand. Sixty-five cases from 3 hospitals, with matched controls, were included. Infection with hepatitis-B virus was the major risk factor-chronic carriers of HB surface antigen had an estimated relative risk of 15.2. Infection with hepatitis-C virus appeared to be rare. No increase in risk was found with recent aflatoxin intake, as estimated by consumption of possibly contaminated foods, or by measuring aflatoxin-albumin adducts in serum. Regular use of alcohol (2 or more glasses of spirits per week) was associated with a non-significant elevation in risk (o.r. = 3.4, 95% c.i. 0.8-14.6), but the number of regular drinkers in the population was small. The meaning of an apparent protection conferred by certain food items is uncertain, but a possible role of betel nut in the aetiology deserves further investigation.
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PMID:Liver cancer in Thailand. II. A case-control study of hepatocellular carcinoma. 164 98

Although transfusion of blood products is an essential and potentially life-saving measure, not all blood transfusions are beneficial to patients. The associated risks, particularly transfusion-transmitted viral illnesses, such as hepatitis and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, require that careful consideration be given before a decision is made to transfuse any blood product. Many institutions have established a local committee to monitor transfusion practices and audit such practices regularly. To assist in this task, the Pediatric Hemotherapy Committee of the American Association of Blood Banks has developed guidelines for the conduct of pediatric blood transfusion audits. These guidelines, summarized herein, cover transfusion of red blood cells, platelets, white blood cells, fresh-frozen plasma, albumin, and clotting concentrates. The use of cytomegalovirus low-risk and irradiated blood products is also discussed. Throughout the report, special attention is given to the transfusion needs of newborn infants.
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PMID:Guidelines for auditing pediatric blood transfusion practices. 164 58

Although sensitive assays for serum antibodies to hepatitis C virus (HCV/anti-HCV) have been developed recently, the relation of anti-HCV to HCV infection of the liver has not been clarified. Therefore, we determined the presence of HCV RNA by the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in liver biopsy specimens of 21 patients with chronic liver disease and 5 control patients. RNA was extracted from frozen liver tissues by the guanidinium method, HCV cDNA was synthesized by reverse transcription, and core region and NS3 region sequences were amplified by PCR. The sensitivity and specificity of the reaction was significantly enhanced by double PCR with nested primers followed by Southern blotting with an HCV specific oligomer probe. NS3 region sequences were detected in the liver specimens of 12 out of 15 anti-HCV positive patients. Core region sequences were detected in 9 patients, all of whom were also positive for NS3 region sequences. HCV sequences were not detected in 11 anti-HCV negative patients. In all cases, the integrity of the extracted RNA was demonstrated by successful amplification of albumin mRNA as internal control. Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of the reverse transcription-double PCR method followed by Southern blotting for the detection of HCV sequences in liver tissues. In this system, the detection rate of NS3 region sequences is higher than that of core region sequences. There is a statistically significant correlation between high titer anti-HCV antibodies in serum and NS3 region sequences in liver tissue. However, not all anti-HCV positive patients had HCV positive hepatitis. The reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for HCV sequences on liver tissue extracts may reveal valuable information on the diagnosis of HCV infection and the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis C.
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PMID:Detection of hepatitis C virus sequences in liver tissue by the polymerase chain reaction. 165 40

To determine serum thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) levels, we used radioimmunoassay, and compared the results obtained with other tests in 231 patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection to evaluate its clinical implications. All of these patients were hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive. Among them, 38 patients had hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 18 had chronic persistent hepatitis, 70 had chronic lobular or active hepatitis (grouped as CAH), 31 had active cirrhosis (AC), 25 had inactive cirrhosis, 20 had decompensated cirrhosis, and 29 were "healthy" HBsAg carriers. Twenty-seven patients with acute hepatitis, 12 with cancer metastasis to the liver, and 81 normal adults served as disease or normal controls. The results showed that serum TBG level increased significantly in patients with CAH, AC, or HCC. Serum TBG did not correlate with albumin or bilirubin level, but correlated with alanine aminotransferase (ALT) positively in patients with CAH (p less than 0.001) and negatively in patients with HCC (p less than 0.01) (slope difference p less than 0.05). Serial determination of serum TBG and ALT also showed parallel changes in 15 patients with CAH, but not in nine patients with HCC. In contrast, the fall and rise of serum TBG levels in patients with HCC coincided with tumor resection and recurrence. The data suggest that serum TBG elevation in patients with hepatitis activity is the result of hepatocellular damage, whereas that in patients with HCC is due to increased synthesis. Whether serum TBG elevation without concomitant rise of ALT could be used as a marker of HCC awaits further study.
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PMID:Thyroxine-binding globulin in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection: different implications in hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. 168 51

The viral safety of intramuscular immune globulin and albumin has long been recognized. Safety is the result of multiple barriers operating in concert, including donor selection, donor blood screening, immune neutralization, serendipitous inactivation and removal, and virus sterilization. Experience on the transmission of viruses, most notably hepatitis A and non-A, non-B (HBV and NANBHV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), by coagulation factor concentrates prepared from large plasma pools highlights the difficulty of relying on donor selection and purification methods to eliminate virus transmission and the benefit of potent virucidal procedures. Before virus sterilization, the transmission rate of NANBHV and HIV by these concentrates approached 100%. Following virus sterilization, methods shown to inactivate less than or equal to 10(4) infectious doses (ID50) of hepatitis virus(es) greatly reduced HIV but not NANBHV transmission. Methods shown to inactivate greater than or equal to 10(5) ID50 of hepatitis viruses have eliminated HIV transmission and have greatly reduced hepatitis transmission. Elimination of transmission occurred before HIV and HCV screening and the development of purification methods shown to reduce virus presence. Based on an analysis of the initial virus load, the best coagulation factor concentrates available today are concluded to have a probability of safety equivalent to that of albumin. Introduction of sterilization methodology into the manufacture of all blood protein products should now be considered.
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PMID:Specific inactivation of viruses which can potentially contaminate blood products. 179 31

Human hepatocyte growth factor (hHGF) was purified from the plasma of six patients with fulminant hepatic failure due to hepatitis B in two and non-A, non-B hepatitis in four. The purified hHGF from each patient contained two major protein bands having molecular weights of 79,000 and 86,000 and several minor bands having molecular weights between 76,000 and 92,000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis performed under nonreduced conditions. After reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol, three major bands having molecular weights of 58,000, 34,500, and 31,500 were evident. In addition, a band having a molecular weight of 21,000 was detected. hHGF activity was destroyed by its reduction. The hHGF purified from patients demonstrated a dose response in terms of an increase in DNA synthesis using cultured hepatocytes. The hHGF concentration in the plasma of the patients with grade III-IV hepatic coma was calculated to be in the range of 1.8-3.0 nM. Finally the heavy chain of hHGF was not recognized by an anti-human albumin antibody, indicating that hHGF is not biliprotein, an albumin-bilirubin complex, that has been reported to be a putative liver growth factor.
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PMID:Human hepatocyte growth factor in blood of patients with fulminant hepatic failure. Basic aspects. 182 62


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