Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A case of phenytoin-induced hepatitis with mononucleosis is reported, and syndromes associated with phenytoin hypersensitivity reactions are discussed. A 23-year-old black woman with a two-month history of seizure disorder was admitted to a hospital with nausea, vomiting, fever, lymphadenopathy, diffuse maculopapular rash, left-upper-quadrant tenderness, and hepatomegaly. She was receiving phenytoin sodium 300 mg/day; carbamazepine 200 mg four times daily had been discontinued four days before admission because of leukopenia. Phenytoin was discontinued after admission; however, phenytoin 1 g i.v. was given for a tonic-clonic seizure two days after admission, after which swelling of the face and legs and pruritus developed. Over the next few days, signs and symptoms of hepatotoxicity progressed, and she became comatose. Seizures were treated with diazepam. She began to recover after 10 days of supportive therapy and was discharged several weeks later on primidone therapy. Serious phenytoin hypersensitivity reactions may appear as dermatologic, lymphoid, or hepatic syndromes. Fever, rash, and lymphadenopathy often accompany hepatic injury. Encephalopathy and death may occur. Proposed mechanisms for phenytoin hypersensitivity include antigen-antibody reactions, alteration of lymphocyte function, and an enzyme abnormality causing the production of toxic metabolites. Treatment is supportive; phenobarbital and carbamazepine may be used with caution as alternate anticonvulsant therapy. The possibility of phenytoin hypersensitivity reactions should be considered when patients receiving phenytoin have unusual symptoms, particularly fever, rash, and lymphadenopathy.
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PMID:Phenytoin-induced hypersensitivity reactions. 367 71

Plasma cells and their precursors were studied by electron microscopy in liver biopsies from 41 patients with acute viral or drug-induced hepatitis. Mature plasma cells showed the ultrastructural features of the reticular or lymphatic type. Blast cells of different types were also observed. Type 1 predominated in classical acute hepatitis, and appears to transform directly into mature plasma cells. Type 2 corresponds to the centroblast of lymphoid tissue. It was found in fully developed hepatitis, especially when necrosis was severe. Type 3 resembled the centrocyte of lymphoid organs; it was seen particularly in viral hepatitis, and only in severe cases with extensive necrosis. The type 4 plasmablast had the ultrastructural characteristics of a plasmacytoid T cell.
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PMID:Plasma cells in acute hepatitis: an ultrastructural study. 393 67

In an ongoing study patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who had previously failed conventional therapy including gold salts and penicillamine were randomly assigned on an open basis to a plasma exchange or fractionated total lymphoid irradiation protocol. Nine patients (eight female, one male) with erosive RA of long duration exchanged 40 ml/kg of plasma over a period of two to four weeks. Nine patients (eight female, one male) with similar characteristics, received 2,000 rads to lymphoid tissues in fractionated doses (200 rads each) over 4 to 5 weeks. Treatment was completed in all patients and follow-up ranged from two to twelve months for plasma exchange and eight to sixteen months for radiation. Results of the study showed subjective and objective improvement including morning stiffness, joint score, and pertinent laboratory evaluation in six patients admitted to plasmapheresis with duration of remission lasting as long as seven weeks. Three patients failed to show any improvement in the activity of the disease. Eight patients on the radiation protocol showed a marked decrease in disease activity which has been maintained until the present time. Side effects for the plasma exchange group included mild febrile reactions during the exchange and one non-A non-B Hepatitis. In the radiation group occipital alopecia, loss of appetite and nausea was seen in all patients and severe leucopenia in one (WBC 500/mm3). The present results suggest that both procedures can reduce disease activity in severe RA. Plasma exchange efficacy appears to be short-lived when compared to total lymphoid radiation. The latter was poorly tolerated by all patients submitted to the program.
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PMID:Plasmapheresis vs total lymphoid irradiation in the treatment of severe rheumatoid arthritis. 401 9

Serial blood samples from 37 Nova Scotian patients with different forms of leukemia and other malignant conditions of bone marrow and lymphoid tissue were tested for the hepatitis-associated antigen (HAA). Ten patients were found to be positive for HAA. Not only is there an increased incidence of HAA in this population group, but when present the antigen is carried for a longer period than in the normal individual. The increased incidence was completely unrelated to the blood transfusion histories of the patients.
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PMID:The occurrence of hepatitis-associated antigen in a group of Canadian patients with leukemia. 462 38

ALP activity has been studied during hepatitis (infection) in two genetically controlled mouse strains having different degrees of susceptibility ot MHV3 virus: A/JAX (resistant) and DBA/2 (susceptible). During the 8 days following viral infection we have compared ALP activity in serum and liver homogenates with ALP cytological localization in liver tissue (light and electron microscopy). Firstly, liver ALP activity has been demonstrated in the Disse's spaces, on the membrane of the hepatocytes microvilli whilst serum ALP was still very low. The serum ALP activity begins to increase markedly since the third day in sensitive mice (DBA/2), i.e., when the electron microscopy hepatocytes look very damaged; hepatocytes have lost most of their microvilli; necrotic vesicles, degenerative cytoplasmic organelles, lipid vesicles occurred in numerous hepatocytes. ALP activity has disappeared at the biliary pole of the cells whilst it increased at the vascular pole. Moreover, electron microscopic studies demonstrated that ALP positive cells are exclusively of lymphoid type whereas Kupffer cells remain ALP negative.
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PMID:The alkaline phosphatase activity in DBA/2 and A/JAX mouse strains injected with mouse hepatitis virus 3: a morphological and biochemical comparative study. 608 29

The sensitivity of mice to mouse hepatitis virus 3 (MHV3) varies according to strain, age, and immune status of the animals. In semisusceptible strains, mice surviving the acute phase of infection develop a chronic disease characterized by the occurrence of paralysis, virus persistence, and immunodeficiency. Persistent MHV3 infections established in vitro in YAC and RDM -4 mouse lymphoid cell lines were characterized by virus production, presence of cytoplasmic viral antigens, and cell lysis. The occurrence of cell "crisis" in YAC cells was manifested by a sharp increase in cell lysis and in the number of fluorescent cells and, concomitantly, by a marked decrease in virus titers. A relationship was observed among the percentage of fluorescent cells, cell lysis, and virus yield and was modulated by renewal of culture media, change in temperature, or inhibition of cellular RNA synthesis. Cell cloning and antibody treatment experiments indicated that viral transmission was performed by viral infection of newly permissive cells produced by the division of uninfected cells in the culture and not by transmission of viral information by infected dividing cells. The biological and biochemical properties of MHV3 variants derived from persistently infected YAC lymphoid cells were characterized. Thermosensitivity and thermolability of cloned viruses originating from persistently infected YAC cells, as well as parent virus suspensions, were studied. A similar heterogeneity was observed when YAC-derived cloned substrains (YAC-MHV3) were compared with parent-derived cloned viruses, indicating that no selection of temperature-sensitive mutants was induced in persistently infected YAC cells. However, the capacity of MHV3 to induce a lethal acute disease when injected into susceptible mice was lost very rapidly. The absence of pathogenicity was related to the induction of a subclinical infection which elicited defense mechanisms. These data suggest, therefore, that MHV3 replication in lymphoid cell lines leads to induction or selection of variants which maintain pathogenicity in vitro but display reduced pathogenic effects in vivo.
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PMID:Persistent infection with mouse hepatitis virus 3 in mouse lymphoid cell lines. 632 31

An effect of replication of certain viruses in murine monocytic macrophages was manifested by depletion of cells through degenerative and necrotizing changes in thymus-dependent areas of lymphoid structures. In mice infected with murine hepatitis virus (MHV-3) or lactate dehydrogenase virus, these changes were transient in mice killed on postinoculation day (PID) 2. To study these morphologic changes due to viral replication, adult Swiss specific-pathogen-free homozygous nude mice (nu/nu) and their heterozygous haired littermates (nu/+) were inoculated with 10(5) LD50 of MHV-3, euthanatized, and necropsied on PID 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 along with noninoculated controls. The nu/+ and nu/nu mice killed on PID 2 had lymphocytic karyorrhexis and depletion of cells in the thymus-dependent area. In the heterozygote, these characteristic lesions were transient; whereas in the homozygote, lesions persisted and were present in survivors euthanatized and necropsied on PID 16. Although the intensity of lesions due to MHV-3 varied between nu/+ and nu/nu mice, virus titers determined on liver homogenates were similar for the homozygote and heterozygote during acute disease. Nude and nonnude mice given lactate dehydrogenase virus and killed on PID 2 had a transient depletion of lymphocytes; whereas mice given lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and killed on PID 4 had a similar lesion. Lesions neither occurred when mice were treated with silica before inoculation, indicating that functional monocytic macrophages were required, nor occurred when another virus, herpes simplex virus type 1, was given.
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PMID:Comparison of early splenic changes associated with replication of viruses in murine monocytic macrophages. 632 45

An ultrastructural study of the cytology of piecemeal necrosis in 12 liver biopsies from patients with chronic active (aggressive) hepatitis revealed a variety of cell types. This communication deals with two particular cell types, only observed in areas of severe piecemeal necrosis--interdigitating reticulum cells (IDRCs) and dendritic reticulum cells (DRCs). IDRCs are typical components of T-cell regions in lymphoid organs. Cells with the characteristics of IDRCs were found in severe piecemeal necrosis at the periphery of portal tracts and in periportal areas. This suggests that areas of periportal piecemeal necrosis are analogous to the T-cell regions of lymphoid organs during immune reactions. DRCs are typical components of B-cell regions in lymphoid organs. Cells with the characteristics of DRCs were found in the central parts of portal tracts with follicle-like aggregations of lymphocytes, as seen in some cases with pronounced piecemeal necrosis. This finding suggest that follicle-like lymphocytic aggregates in portal tracts are analogous to the B-cell regions of lymphoid organs during immune reactions. A mesenchymal origin of DRCs is suggested. The finding of IDRCs and DRCs in severe piecemeal necrosis emphasizes the fundamental similarity of immune reactions in the liver to those in lymphoid organs. These data are discussed in relation to immunological findings in chronic active hepatitis.
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PMID:Interdigitating and dendritic reticulum cells in chronic active hepatitis. 647 7

In rats given an immunotherapeutic dose (25 mg/kg orally each day for 7 weeks) of cyclosporin A (Cy A) characteristic drug-induced pathological changes were observed, including impaired liver function, renal proximal tubular cell damage, progressive lymphopenia, lymphocyte depletion in lymphoid organs and marrow hypoplasia. Several additional and previously unreported features of Cy A toxicity were also demonstrated. The changes in renal and hepatic function were biphasic with temporary improvement during the course of the study. The most striking liver damage was in the form of a granulomatous hepatitis and a hypochromic microcytic anaemia developed in all experimental animals.
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PMID:Pathological changes in rats receiving cyclosporin A at immunotherapeutic dosage for 7 weeks. 661 11

Studied were morphologically the organs of 10 cattle originating from two provinces of Cuba that suddenly succumbed ( muerte subita ). There were hemorrahagic diathesis, and histologically--general activation of the reticulo-endothelial system, nonsuppurative encephalomyocarditis, interstitial nonsuppurative hepatitis, nephritis, and pneumonia as well as catarrhal hemorrhagic gastroenteritis. In all cases there were among the lymphoid proliferations diffusely disseminated eosinophile leukocytes ( hyperergia ). This finding showed that the disease had run a subacute or chronic course which was made acute by the action of some stress factors (continuous running, intoxications oligoelement disturbances, etc.). The finding was also characteristic of reactive processes taking place under the action of some specific virus that probably took part in the etiology of the disease and required an intermediary host that remained unknown at the time.
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PMID:[Pathomorphological changes in the organs of cattle dying in so-called sudden death]. 673 Mar 33


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